熔融双组分超细纤维成纤技术研究进展

Research progress in melt spinning technology for bicomponent microfibers

为深入探究熔融双组分复合纤维原纤化的超细纤维成形技术,介绍了共混纺丝和共轭纺丝2种复合纺丝技术及其在生产超细纤维时的原料及工艺,具体阐述了海岛型复合纤维和裂离型复合纤维开纤工艺及特点,分析了聚合物及工艺对复合纤维生产超细纤维的影响。综述了熔融复合纤维原纤化用到的化学溶剂开纤、水溶开纤、机械开纤等开纤技术。概述了用熔融复合纺丝技术生产的超细纤维材料在合成革、过滤与分离、医用防护、卫生健康等领域中的应用,提出了复合纺丝技术生产超细纤维的发展方向,并指出复合纤维有望通过成形技术实现原料多元化、纤维细旦化、材料功能化等方面的不断发展和创新,将推动相关产业朝着更加可持续和环保的方向发展。

Significance Microfiber materials,as a strategic emerging material,play an indispensable role in national economic and social development,constituting a focal point of global competition within the textile industry.Exhibiting characteristics such as low fiber linear density,low bending stiffness,large specific surface area,adsorption capability,and strong capillary effects,microfibers find widespread applications in fields including medical hygiene,personal protection,environmental sustainability,energy conservation,clothing,and home textiles.In the fabrication processes of microfibers,nonwovens produced via methods such as melt blowing,flash evaporation,and electrospinning exhibit relatively low strength,limiting their usage to filtration and medical protective applications.While direct melt spinning offers lower production costs,stringent process requirements often hinder the attainment of high-quality microfibers.In the realm of composite spinning,the production of microfiber materials involves the utilization of physical or chemical methods to achieve the formation of bicomponent composite fibers.This method is characterized by its high speed,efficiency,and productivity,making it one of the most effective techniques for mass-producing high-strength microfiber materials.Progress This paper provides an overview of the forming processes,polymer properties,and technical requisites involved in the production of microfibers through composite spinning.It elaborates on the polymer selection,fiber formation mechanisms,and distinctive traits of sea-island and split composite fibers.Moreover,it delves into the principles of fiber precursor formation using chemical and physical methods,discussing the merits and drawbacks of the processes.Furthermore,based on these characteristics,it analyzes the selection of different composite fiber polymers and the trends in process development both domestically and internationally.It examines their impact on the production of microfibers and nonwoven materials.The application domains of melt composite fibers for microfibers material production are summarized,and future directions for the development of composite fiber production for microfibers are proposed.Conclusion and Prospect The preparation of microfibers nonwovens through biocomponent composite spinning holds vast potential applications in synthetic leather base,medical hygiene,precision filtration,apparel,and various other fields.These materials have been widely produced and employed in numerous applications.With the emergence of green concepts such as carbon neutrality and energy conservation,the development of efficient and eco-friendly fiber spinning technologies,such as low-energy consumption(split fiber easy-splitting technology)and chemical-free methods(thermoplastic polyvinyl alcohol,water-soluble polyester composite spinning),represents the future direction of composite fiber production for microfibers.Additionally,as nonwoven technology continues to advance and interdisciplinary concepts gain traction,composite fibers are poised to achieve further refinement in fiber morphology through shaping techniques,functionalization through advanced finishing technologies,and product greening through material-process integration,thus better serving society.