麦积山石窟松鼠科动物排泄物清洗及其驱避防治

Excrement cleaning and repellent of sciurine species in Maijishan Grottoes

动物在古代壁画及彩塑表面活动常造成极难清除的排泄物污染,影响文物美学价值并引起其他类型病害。复齿鼯鼠(Trogopterus xanthipes)与岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)是常年活动于麦积山石窟及周边的两种松鼠科动物,其棕黑色的固液排泄物大量分布在石窟文物、喷锚崖体、栈道表面以及栿孔内部。本研究通过生物酶及表面活性剂配以4%吸水性树脂(SAP)的方法对污染区域进行贴敷处理,以筛选最适清洗试剂及工艺。结果表明,人工唾液处理前后色差最大,与对照区差异显著(色差值为8.311±0.798 CIELab单位,P<0.05),且洗净率最大(59.6%),是理想的清洗试剂。在此基础上分别采用金属驱避刺、辣椒素(CAP)以及超声波驱避器开展致害物种现场驱避实验。监测发现,三种驱避措施有一定差异性:金属刺对岩松鼠具有很强的驱避性,布设后其无法在有刺范围内活动,而喷洒辣椒素可明显降低复齿鼯鼠单日最大活动时长和日平均活动次数,两种松鼠科动物均可快速适应超声波,驱避有效期仅有5d左右。因此,针对不同物种可复合多种措施综合驱避。本研究可对遗产地动物排泄物清洗及有害物种驱避提供科学依据和实践指导。

The activities of animals on the surfaces of murals and painted sculptures often result in fecal pollution hard to remove,which affects the aesthetic value and tends to cause various types of deterioration.Trogopterus xanthipes and Sciurotamias davidianus are two kinds of squirrels that live in and around the Maijishan Grottoes all the year round.Their brownish-black solid and liquid excrement is widely distributed on the grottoes,shotcreted cliff,surface of the trestle path and inner part of beam holes.This study is aimed at identifying screen cleaning agents and techniques for the restoration of polluted areas.This was done by coating the tested zone with biological enzymes and surfactants combined with 4%absorbent resin(SAP).The results show that the area of cleaning with artificial saliva displayed the maximum color difference,which was significantly different from the control area(the color difference values were 8.311±0.798 CIELab units,P<0.05)and the greatest clearing rate(59.6%),which acted as an ideal cleaning agent.The species repellent experiment was carried out based on the above results.Metal spikes,capsaicin and ultrasonic avoidance devices were used for conducting on-site repellent experiments of the noxious animals.Using infrared camera monitoring,it was found that the repellent effects of the three measures were different:metal spikes had an intense effect on Sciurotamias davidianus,and they could not move within the range of the spikes after deployment;Trogopterus xanthipes showed sensitivity to capsaicin,and there was an obvious decrease in the maximum duration of activity and average daily activity frequency after spraying.The ultrasonic repellent device had a certain repellent effect at the early stage of installation,but later both of the species showed adaptability.Therefore,a reasonable combination of measures should be selected depending on the animal species.The results of this study provide a scientific basis and practical guidance for cleaning animal excrement and repelling harmful species active at similar cultural heritage sites.