聚合物胶黏剂在陶质文物修复中的应用

Application of polymer adhesives in the restoration of pottery cultural relics

陶质文物粘接修复是既古老又不断更新的课题。选择陶质文物胶黏剂需兼顾陶器与胶黏剂性能。陶器个体的差异存在于制作的各个阶段,包括陶坯黏土与非黏土组成差异,黏土中硅酸铝含量差异,以及烧成温度与烧成气氛差异等。中国古代陶器发展围绕陶坯组分和烧制温度的变化而种类繁多,粘接历史悠久。近30年陶器粘接更注重粘接性能检测和研究,汇总其间常用胶黏剂使用频次和基本性能具有指导意义,涉及聚合物胶黏剂的热塑性和热固性树脂胶黏剂,其线型结构和三维网络结构差异致使胶黏剂主要性能不同:热塑性胶黏剂抗拉强度较小,粘接后可逆;热固性胶黏剂反之。胶黏剂良好的粘接力学性能、耐久性和可逆性是选择合适陶质文物胶黏剂的必要条件;胶黏剂的固化时间、温度条件、收缩率等是影响粘接工艺的直接因素。需要兼顾多种因素,结合胶黏剂使用性能汇总,选择适合胶黏剂的同时做好粘接信息采集、阶段性粘接效果检测、坚持多学科合作等,才能促进胶黏剂应用研究的深入和进步。

Bonding in the restoration of pottery cultural relics is an old and constantly updated subject.The properties of both pottery wares and adhesives should be taken into account when selecting adhesives for the restoration of pottery cultural relics.Individual differences of pottery exist at each stage of production,including the differences in the composition of clay and non-clay,and in the content of aluminum silicate in clay,as well as in firing temperatures and atmospheres.Ancient Chinese pottery developed around the composition of pottery and the change of firing temperature,so there were many kinds of pottery with a long history of using bonding materials.In the past 30 years,with regard to pottery bonding,more attention has been paid to the detection and research on adhesive properties.The frequency of use and basic properties of commonly used adhesives during the period are of guiding significance.Thermoplastic and thermosetting resin adhesives involving polymer adhesives have different main properties due to differences in linear structure and three-dimensional network structure:thermoplastic adhesives have smaller tensile strength and are reversible after bonding;thermosetting adhesives,the opposite is true for the agent.The good bonding mechanical properties,durability and reversibility of the adhesive are necessary conditions for selecting a suitable adhesive for ceramic cultural relics;the curing time,temperature conditions,shrinkage rate,etc.of the adhesive are direct factors that affect the bonding process.It is necessary to take into account a variety of factors,combine the performance summary of adhesives,select suitable adhesives,collect bonding information,detect bonding effects in stages,and insist on multi-disciplinary cooperation,etc.,in order to promote in-depth research and progress of adhesive applications.