花生分子标记辅助育种研究进展与展望

Advances of marker-assisted selection in peanut breeding

花生是重要的食用植物油和植物蛋白来源,高产优质抗病是花生新品种选育的主要目标。目前生产上大面积推广的优良品种主要以传统杂交育种技术选育而成,育种周期长、效率低、成本高。分子标记辅助选择可显著提高育种的精准性和效率。高密度的基因型数据是花生产量、品质、抗病性状QTL定位和开发分子标记的基础。2019年我国花生骨干亲本狮头企和伏花生以及美国匍匐型花生品种Tifrunner的基因组序列相继公布,极大推动了花生重要农艺性状的分子标记开发和应用。近年来,花生籽仁油酸含量、脂肪含量等品质性状,根结线虫病、锈病、叶斑病、青枯病等抗病性状,以及荚果、籽仁大小等产量组成性状的分子标记相继被开发。利用分子标记辅助育种,成功选育出了高油酸且高含油量、高油酸且抗病花生新品种或新种质。未来花生分子标记的开发利用需要重视优异野生种质资源的表型精准鉴定,建立高通量表型及基因型检测平台,以及全基因组选择技术策略的应用。

Peanut is widely grown in more than 100 countries in the world and can be processed for oil,peanut butter,confectionary,or direct consumption(fresh,baked or roasted).It is an important source of edible vegetable oil and protein.High yield,high quality,pest and disease resistance are the main objectives of peanut breeding.The majority of released peanut varieties were developed by conventional breeding methods with high cost,lengthy selection processes and low efficiency.Marker-assisted selection can greatly improve the precision and breeding efficiency.High-density genotypic data is prerequisite for QTL mapping and identification of molecular markers for yield,quality and disease resistance traits in peanut.The release of the whole genomic sequences of three peanut cultivars in 2019,including two elite Chinese founder varieties Shitouqi and Fuhuasheng,and a popular U.S.peanut variety Tifrunner,greatly promoted the identification and application of molecular markers for peanut breeding.In recent years,molecular markers for oleic acid content,oil content,root-knot nematode resistance,rust resistance,leaf spots resistance,and yield-related traits have been developed.Peanut varieties or breeding lines combining high oleic acid with high oil content,high oleic acid with resistance to diseases such as rust,bacterial wilt,or root-knot nematode were successfully developed through marker-assisted selection.Utilization of wild relatives in peanut germplasm,development of high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping platforms,and application of genomic selection would be of high priority in peanut breeding in the future.