朱子人性“恶”的思想逻辑与管理警示

The Ideological Logic of and Management Warning from Zhu Xi's Human Nature Theory of “Evilness”

耙梳《朱子语录》《四书集注》等传统古籍文本,不难发觉有必要厘清朱子人性“恶”思想的理论源流及其内在逻辑。对于由何而产生人性之“恶”,在朱子看来,一念之差时,人心极易朝着人欲放纵,而产生“恶”,此为“恶”之发动机制;而且,禀气使至善的天理落实到人身上时,为人欲所蒙蔽,不能充分地展现而产生“恶”,此为“恶”之影响因素,但禀气不必然导致恶的产生;另外,“欲”是“恶”牵引机制,但“欲”也并不绝对导致“恶”,“欲”不等于“人欲”,“人欲”是做坏的“欲”,这“人欲”便是“恶”。深入分析可知,朱子哲学的人性论对人性“恶”的形成机制有过细致剖析,结合现代管理学来看,它有助于从源头上对治理管理活动中的一些难题,进而促成管理效果的提升。

Traditional texts such as Zhu Xi's Quotations and Annotations to the Four Books reveal the necessity to clarify the theoretical origin and internal logic of Zhu Xi's conception on human nature—inclining towards Evilness.What causes the“evilness”in human nature?Zhu Xi posits that human nature can easily veer towards indulgence in human desires,thereby engendering Evilness,especially at moments of errant thoughts.This forms the activation mechanism of Evilness.Moreover,due to the innate Qi,the heavenly good principles are often blinded by human desires and inhibited from full expression,resulting in the emergence of Evilness.This is an influencing factor of Evilness,even though it does not inevitably result in the generation of Evilness.Additionally,desire does not invariably lead to Evilness but is the traction mechanism for Evilness.In this context,distinguished from human desire,desire is negative and synonymous with“Evilness.”A detailed analysis indicates that Zhu Xi's philosophical discourse on human nature offers an in-depth exploration on the formation mechanisms of Evilness.When integrated with modern management theory,this understanding can assist addressing fundamental challenges within management practices,thereby facilitating an enhancement in managerial effectiveness.