股东通过借贷诉讼追回“投资款”行为的刑法定性

A Criminal Qualitative Research on Shareholder's Act of Recovering"Investment Funds"by Loaning Lawsuit

注册资本“认缴制”模式下,在出资期限届满之前,股东汇入公司的款项性质并不当然属于“投资款”,不能因为款项最终用于公司的经营活动而倒推款项的性质,应当结合公司会计账簿、股东出资证明等能体现股东实缴信息的客观证据予以审慎认定。对于刑民交叉案件的处理,在民事裁判对于同一事实已经作出合法性评价的情况下,刑法的介入应当保持克制,充分尊重先决裁判的法律效力。严防通过刑事手段解决民事纠纷,除非刑事案件中的证据达到了“确实充分、排除合理怀疑”的程度。实践中股东将投资款虚构成出借款,通过提起借贷诉讼追回相应款项,充其量只是为了弥补或者减少投资损失而进行的民事欺诈,不具备诈骗罪所要求的“以非法占有为目的”。此种情形下,由于股东与公司之间存在基础的民事纠纷事实,对于将投资款虚构成出借款的行为,不属于虚假诉讼罪所规制的“无中生有”型诉讼行为类型,应以手段行为可能触犯的其他罪名进行定罪处罚。

Under the"subscription system"mode of the registered capital,the funds remitted into the company by shareholders before the expiry of the contribution period are not necessarily"investment funds"and the nature of the funds cannot be inferred from the fact that the funds are finally used for the operation of the company.Prudential determinations shall be made in consideration of objective evidence reflecting the actual payment of capital by shareholders such as the company's accounting books and the capital contribution certificates of shareholders.For the handling of a case involving both criminal law and civil law,under the circumstance that the legality of the same fact has already been made in the civil judgment,the intervention of criminal law shall be restrained and the legal effect of preliminary judgment shall be fully respected.We should strictly prevent the settlement of civil disputes by criminal means,unless the evidence in the criminal case reaches the level that"the evidence is sufficient and beyond reasonable doubt".In practice,if the shareholder falsely converts its investment amount into a loan and claims to recover the relevant amount by initiating a loan litigation,this amounts to civil fraud committed to make up or reduce investment losses at most,but does not incorporate the"purpose of illegal possession"as required by the crime of fraud.In this case,there is a fundamental civil dispute between the shareholder and the company,and the act of falsely claiming that the investment money is a loan does not belong to the litigation act type of"creating something out of nothing"regulated by the crime of false litigation,so it shall be convicted and punished on the basis of other crimes in consideration of the means or act.