道家“垂钓”寓言的思想取向及论理特征

The Ideological Orientation and Theoretical Characteristics of Taoist“Fishing”Fable

道家著作中的“垂钓”寓言具有丰富的哲学思想内涵。《庄子·秋水》篇所载“庄子之钓”,作为庄子“无为”“无待”的人生价值取向之象征,既是对《逍遥游》《齐物论》等篇哲学思想的生动演绎,亦是对庄子自由意志和独立精神的精彩展现。同书《外物》篇所载“任氏之钓”,则以“大鱼”拟喻经世的“大道”,表达了作者以道治天下的追求和兼济天下的政治理想,其中心意旨是通过“垂钓”过程,喻示为政之要在于持之以恒、久久为功,不可急功近利、盲目短视。《列子·汤问》篇所载“詹何之钓”,则以“钓术”喻示养心、全神之“道术”,展示行为主体如何通过内在精神的凝聚,达到形神合一、以心驭物的精神境界。三篇寓言的思想主旨虽然有所不同,但皆是作者志趣、心境和内在风神的生动写照。“垂钓”其实是一种特定的“体道”方式。就论述方式而言,《庄子》《列子》所载“垂钓”寓言,体现了道家诸子即事以论道、言近而旨远的论理特征。这些寓言生动地说明“道不远人”:“道”就在身边,就在日常生活中,人们随时随地都可以对其进行思考和体会。

The“fishing”fables in Taoist works are rich in philosophical connotations.“Zhuangzi’s fishing”in“Zhuangzi:Autumn Water”is a symbol of Zhuangzi’s life value orientation of“non-action”and“non-waiting”.It is not only a vivid interpretation of the philosophical thoughts in“Xiaoyaoyou”and“Qiwu Lun”,but also a wonderful display of Zhuangzi’s free will and independent spirit.The“Ren’s Fishing”in“Zhuangzi’s External Things”uses the“big fish”to metaphorically represent the“great way”of managing the world,expressing the author’s pursuit of governing the world with the Tao and his political ideal of benefiting the world.Its central idea is to use the“fishing”process to illustrate that the key to governing is to persevere and work for a long time.The story“Zhan He’s Fishing”in the“Tang Wen”chapter of Liezi uses the“fishing technique”to metaphorically illustrate the“Taoist technique”of nourishing the heart and preserving the spirit,demonstrating how the subject of behavior can achieve the spiritual realm of unity of body and spirit and controlling objects with the mind through the condensation of the inner spirit.Although the ideological themes of the three fables are different,they are all vivid portrayals of the authors'interests,state of mind and inner spirit.“Fishing”is a specific way to“experience the Tao”.In terms of the way of argumentation,the“fishing”fables in“Zhuangzi”and“Liezi”embody the Taoist characteristics of using events to discuss the Tao and using simple words but profound meanings.These fables vividly illustrate that“the Tao is not far from people”:the Tao is around people,in daily life,and can be thought about and experienced anytime and anywhere.