成都市2019-2021年绿地暴露健康经济效益评估

Health Economic Benefit Assessment of Green Space Exposure in Chengdu City,China from 2019 to 2021

生态产品价值实现是践行“两山”理念的有效路径。城市绿地与人体健康息息相关,可以降低死亡率以及多种疾病的发病风险。为了评估绿地暴露带来的具体健康效益,以率先开展公园城市建设的成都市为研究对象,基于绿地与全因死亡率的暴露-反应系数,创新性地耦合归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)和空间人口栅格数据,构建了绿地暴露可避免早死人数的定量分析方法,结合人力资本法核算归因于绿地暴露可避免的经济损失。结果表明:对比2018年,2019年、2020年和2021年成都市绿地NDVI值分别增加了0.08、0.06和0.07,因之可避免的早死人数分别为2408、1927和2492人,分别占成都市当年死亡人数(除去意外死亡)的1.82%、1.39%和1.68%;通过3年公园城市建设带来的健康经济效益总计95.36×10^(8)元,其中2019年、2020年和2021年分别为32.06×10^(8)、26.17×10^(8)和37.13×10^(8)元。从空间分布上看,在单个100 m×100 m网格中,健康经济效益最高为95.16×10^(4)元,且呈现出人口密度高的中心城区健康效益更高的规律。总体上,成都市绿地水平(以NDVI的高低来表征)表现为西部高于东部,中部主城区绿地水平较低。相较于2018年,2019-2021年成都市整体绿地水平呈增加趋势,表明公园城市理念的提出得到了成都市政府的积极响应并且卓有成效;此外,结果呈现出人口密度高的中心城区健康效益更高的规律,并随着成都市人均GDP的升高,归因于绿地暴露可避免的经济损失也在增加。因此应该持续发展生态建设,打造绿色-经济双模式,注重中心城区绿色发展,同时对绿地暴露的健康效益进行评估,对推动城市绿地的项目实施和运行有重要意义。本研究以城市绿地这一特色生态产品为对象,探索建立了绿地暴露健康经济效益评估方法,形成了公园城市建设健康价值核算的示范案例,可为我国探索生态产品价值实现的特色路径提供重要参考。

Urban green spaces are intricately intertwined with human health and play a pivotal role in enhancing the urban environmental aesthetics,improving citizen well-being,protecting public health,as well as reducing the mortality rate and the risk of various diseases.The city of Chengdu,known for its innovative park city construction,was selected as the research subject to assess the health benefits of green space exposure.Based on the exposure-response coefficients of green space and all-cause mortality,innovative coupling of normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and spatial demographic raster data,we constructed a quantitative analysis of the number of early deaths that can be averted by green space exposure and combined it with the human capital method to account for the avoided economic losses attributable to green space exposure.The results showed that compared with 2018,the NDVI values of green spaces in Chengdu City increased by 0.08,0.06 and 0.07 in 2019,2020 and 2021,respectively.The resulting avoidable premature deaths 2408,1927 and 2492,accounting for 1.82%,1.39%and 1.68%of the total annual deaths(excluding accidental deaths)in Chengdu City,respectively.The 3-year urban park construction has brought 9.536 billion RMB in health economic benefits,with 3.206 billion RMB,2.617 billion RMB,and 3.713 billion RMB in 2019,2020 and 2021 respectively.The maximum health economic benefit was 951.6 thousand RMB in a single 100 m×100 m grid.Furthermore,the health benefits were relatively high in the central city with high population density.In general,the western part of Chengdu City had a higher level of green space compared to the eastern part,while the central main city had a lower level of green space.Compared with 2018,the overall green space level in Chengdu City showed an increasing trend from 2019 to 2021,indicating that the concept of a park city has been positively and effectively embraced by the Chengdu City municipal government.In addition,central urban areas with high population density had greater health benefits.The avoidable economic losses attributed to the green space exposure increased with the increase of per capita GDP value.Therefore,we should continue developing ecological construction,creating a dual-mode green economy,focusing on the green development of central cities,and assessing the health benefits of green space exposure,which will be important for promoting the implementation and operation of urban green spaces projects.This study takes urban green spaces as a unique ecological product,explores the establishment of a method to assess the health economic benefits of green space exposure and forms a demonstration case for calculating the health value of park city construction.The resulting analysis provides important reference for China to explore the unique path to realizing the value of ecological products.