我国以行为能力制度为启动要件的单一化的成年人意定监护模式探析

An Analysis of the Unified Adult Voluntary Guardianship Mode with Starting Elements of Behavior Capacity System in Our Country

以行为能力制度作为意定监护制度的启动要件,很多学者认为存在着导致被监护主体范围受限的问题,但是本文认为除了这一问题,行为能力制度对我国单一化的监护模式形成也有一定促进作用。原因在于行为能力制度的核心是意思能力,因此必然将身体障碍者排除在外,例如德国就根据身体和精神障碍者适用统一的照管制度。除此以外,行为能力标准下划分无或者限制行为能力人目的在于对行为人的行为进行限制以实现对其消极的保护。而监护制度从“监护”一词的含义以及其所遵循的最大利益和尊重自主意愿原则来看,应当追求的是对被监护人的积极保护。虽然根据“监护”一词的文义和体系解释,我国适用的单一化监护制度有其正当性,但是这不并不意味着对被监护人实行不加区分的监护,单一化监护模式下,仍然可以根据身体和精神障碍区分不同的监护职责以更好地实现监护。

Taking capacity as the starting elements of the voluntary guardianship system,many scholars believe that there are some problems that lead to the limited scope of the subject of guardianship,but this paper believes that in addition to this problem,capacity has a certain promotion to the formation of the unitary guardianship mode of our country.The reason is that the core of the capacity system is the capacity of the will,so it must exclude people with physical disabilities,for example,Germany applies a unified care system according to the physical and mental disabilities.In addition,the purpose of dividing persons without or with limited capacity under the standard of capacity is to limit the behavior of the actor in order to achieve negative protection.From the meaning of the word“guardianship”and the principle of maximum interest and respect for autonomous will,the guardianship system should pursue the active protection of the ward.Although according to the meaning and system interpretation of the word“guardianship”,the single guardianship system applied in our country has its legitimacy,it does not mean that the guardianship is carried out without distinction.Under the single guardianship model,different guardianship duties can still be distinguished according to physical and mental disorders to achieve better guardianship.