信仰的两极:论巴蜀反义谚语中的民间宗教信仰

The Two Poles of Belief:on Folk Religious Belief in Bashu Counter-Proverbs

在巴蜀民间宗教谚语中,存在着神鬼、天命、因果业报等信仰主题,多样的信仰类别源自巴蜀人面对无序、含混与不确定因素时的主观解释与非理性对抗。但这种信仰观念并不是唯一确定的,受儒教的现实性与理性制约,围绕同一信仰主题存在着大量表达意义相互矛盾甚至截然相反的对立性谚语,表现出对民间宗教各信仰主题的戏谑与否定。这种针对同一主题进行对立表述的谚语形态即为反义谚语,民间宗教中的反义谚语是信仰取向的两极体现,其信仰的灵活性与辩证性既与个体信仰的功利性动机相关,又与宗教仪式活动的祭祀与庆典的功能性对立密不可分。

In the folk religious proverbs of Bashu,there are themes of beliefs such as gods and ghosts,heavenly destiny,and karma,and the various belief categories originate from Bashu people’s subjective interpretation and irrational confrontation in the face of disorder,ambiguity and uncertainty.However,this belief concept is not the only certainty,restricted by the realism and rationality of Confucianism,there are a large number of antagonistic proverbs with contradictory and even diametrically opposed meanings around the same belief theme,which show the ridicule and negation of various belief themes in folk religions.This form of proverbs with opposing representations of the same theme is known as counter-proverbs,and counter-proverbs in folk religions are a reflection of the polarization of belief orientations,the flexibility and dialectical nature of which are not only related to both the utilitarian motives of individual beliefs and the functional oppositions of rituals and celebrations in religious ceremonial activities.