从考古发现看明末御器厂内的瓷器生产活动

Investigation on Porcelain Production in Late Ming Dynasty Imperial Kilns Based on Archacological Discoveries

一般认为,景德镇御器厂在万历以后停烧,一直到清初才再度恢复,期间大约有三四十年的生产空白。本文通过梳理古代文献和景德镇窑址的考古资料,初步得出以下两点认识:第一,明代御窑在天启、崇祯两朝完全停烧,但御器的供应未完全中断,而是沿袭前代的官搭民烧制度,御器继续且完全由民窑窑户来烧造供应,这种情况一直持续到清康熙十九年朝廷委派中央官员驻厂督陶、正式恢复御窑才停止;第二,在御窑停烧之后,原有场地和设备并未完全废弃,而是在一定程度上为民间窑户所利用,除烧造一些供御瓷器外,其余时间可以大量生产民用瓷器。由此,以往御器厂与民间窑场的生产隔离被完全打破了,二者之间的界限变得愈发模糊,这种情况一直到康熙时期才再次发生转变。

It is generally believed that the Jingdezhen imperial kiln stopped production after the Wanli period of the Ming dynasty and did not resume until the early Qing dynasty,resulting in a production hiatus of about thirty to forty years.Through an examination of historical documents and archaeological data of the Jingdezhen kiln site,preliminary conclusions have been drawn on the following two points:First,the imperial kilns of the Ming dynasty completely ceased production during the Tianqi and Chongzhen reigns,but the supply of imperial wares did not entirely stop.Instead,the system of Guan Da Min Shao[官搭民烧](official porcelain made in civilian kilns)continued,with private kilns producing and supplying imperial wares.This situation persisted until the nineteenth year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing dynasty when the court appointed central government officials to supervise the kiln,formally resuming imperial kiln production.Second,after the cessation of imperial kiln production,the original sites and equipment were not entirely abandoned but were utilized to a certain extent by private kilns.In addition to imperial wares,they produced a large number of ceramics for civilian use during the remaining time.Consequently,the previous separation between the imperial kiln and private kilns was completely broken,and the clarity of distinction between the two became increasingly diminishing.This situation persisted until the Kangxi period when a new phase of alteration commenced.