马克思博士论文在原子论科学哲学史上的地位——基于对古希腊原子论概念系统演进的厘清

Status of Karl Marx's Doctoral Dissertation in the History of Atomism and Philosophy of Science:Clarifying the Evolution of Conceptual System of Ancient Greek Atomism

科学地评价马克思博士论文的价值,需要厘清古希腊原子论的概念逻辑以及原子论的演进。马克思对古希腊原子论的科学假说本质有着深刻的把握。马克思从科学假说的视角出发,为伊壁鸠鲁备受争议的原子偏斜运动辩护,指出“在原子中未出现偏斜的规定之前,原子根本还没有完成”,即是说,仅当伊壁鸠鲁提出原子偏斜运动以解决原子间的碰撞问题之后,原子论假说才获得了一个相对完成的形式。同时,马克思看到,伊壁鸠鲁把原子的直线运动与偏离直线运动都作为原子的基本运动形式,这已经表明原子的直线运动与偏离直线运动都不是原子运动的基本形式,唯有大量原子相互碰撞的排斥运动才是原子的基本运动形式。马克思论证了伊壁鸠鲁在原子论上的贡献,也为深入理解近代化学原子论的起源和发展提供了新的视角。

To scientifically evaluate the value of Karl Marx's doctoral dissertation,it is necessary to clarify the conceptual logic of ancient Greek atomism and the evolution of atomism.Karl Marx had a profound grasp of the scientific hypothesis of ancient Greek atomism.From the perspective of scientific hypotheses,Karl Marx defended for Epicurus'controversial notion of atomic deflection movement and pointed out that the atom was not yet complete until there was description of atomic deflection.It was only after Epicurus proposed the atomic deflection movement to solve the collision between atoms that the atomism hypothesis became relatively complete.Meanwhile,Karl Marx found that Epicurus regarded both linear movement and deflection movement of atoms as the basic forms of atomic movement,which already indicated that they were not the basic forms of atomic movement.Only repulsive movement of many atoms colliding with each other is the fundamental form of atomic movement.Karl Marx elucidated Epicurus'contributions to the atomism,which provides a new perspective for further understanding the origin and development of modern chemical atomism.