基于纳米技术的肿瘤疫苗研究进展

Research Progress in Nanotechnology-based Tumor Vaccines

肿瘤疫苗(cancer vaccines,CVs)是将肿瘤抗原导入患者体内,激活患者自身免疫系统,使机体产生特异性免疫应答,从而对抗肿瘤的一种治疗手段。肿瘤疫苗在癌症免疫治疗时代备受关注,现代免疫学和疫苗技术的突破性进展使得新一代疫苗在识别可以导致强烈和广泛T淋巴细胞反应的抗原、高效抗原呈递、克服癌细胞逃避和抑制免疫系统等方面得以改进,为癌症患者带来了福音。纳米载体系统提供了一种创新性呈递肿瘤抗原的手段,能够有效提高疫苗的稳定性和特异性,弥补了传统疫苗靶向性不足和提呈效率不高的缺点,成为癌症免疫治疗的重要组成部分。此外,纳米颗粒本身还具有辅助特性,可以作为免疫激活剂发挥作用。基于纳米技术的肿瘤疫苗具有特异性递送抗原、提升疫苗免疫反应强度以及降低不良反应等诸多优点,因此极具发展前景。综述近年来肿瘤抗原、佐剂以及不同来源及制备方式的纳米递送载体的研究进展,为肿瘤疫苗的相关研究提供参考。

Tumor vaccines,also known as cancer vaccines(CVs),have attracted considerable attention as a therapeutic approach in the era of cancer immunotherapy.They involve activating the patient’s own immune system by introducing tumor antigens,thereby eliciting a specific immune response against the tumor.Breakthroughs in modern immunology and vaccine technology have led to the development of a new generation of vaccines that target antigens capable of inducing strong and broad T-cell responses,improving antigen presentation,and overcoming immune evasion and suppression by cancer cells.These advances have brought hope to cancer patients.Nanocarrier systems provide an innovative means of delivering tumor antigens,effectively enhancing the stability and specificity of vaccines,addressing the limitations of traditional vaccines in targeting and antigen presentation efficiency.Nanocarriers are destined to become an important component of cancer immunotherapy,not only for their delivery capabilities but also for their intrinsic adjuvant properties in stimulating immune cells.Nanotechnology-based tumor vaccines offer numerous advantages,including specific antigen delivery,enhanced immune response intensity,and reduced adverse reactions,making them highly promising for future development.The application and development of tumor antigens and adjuvants are thus briefly described.Recent advances in tumor vaccines utilizing nano-delivery carriers from different sources and preparation methods are classified and introduced.An outlook on the development of tumor vaccines is provided.