出资未届期股权转让后的责任承担研究——兼论新《公司法》理解及适用中的理念与原则

Study on the Assumption of Responsibility After the Transfer of an Unexpired Equity Contribution——Also on the Concepts and Principles in the Understanding and Application of the New Companies Law

在对新《公司法》条文进行解读和适用时,需要引入商业理念来平衡因司法裁判理念所形成的负面冲击,正确理解有限责任原则以及商事信用制度的本质,正确把握《公司法》的价值导向,即不仅着眼于解决纠纷、救济权利,更应展望活跃创新、自由经营、繁荣商业。以对新《公司法》第88条第1款的解读为例,在限期认缴制下,股东享有期限利益,出资未届期股权的转让不构成对出资承诺的违背,故转让人并不承担信用责任。出资未届期股权转让的同时发生权利义务的概括转移,出资义务原则上由受让人承担。但转让人在持股期间负有法定的股东责任,在选任股权受让人时也负有一定的谨慎义务,此时所构成的责任为补充担保责任。但这种补充担保责任的承担是有限度的,基于信用保护和有限责任原则,应以债务形成的时间为标准,划定转让人需要承担的补充担保责任的范围,明确转让人仅须对股权转让前形成的债务承担担保责任。此外,就实践中产生的如部分转让、多次转让、未办理股权变更登记等特殊情形,则应特殊对待。在转让人承担了补充担保责任之后,其既可以选择向公司主张获得所缴纳的受让人不能缴纳部分出资所对应的股权,也可以选择在其所承担的担保责任范围内向受让人进行追偿。面对新《公司法》下出现的大量新规则,新《公司法》第88条第1款的理论分析与解读具有典型意义。对新规则的理论分析和解读,有助于推动《公司法》理念的统一,有助于保持新旧法律规则在理念和原则上的协调,有助于新《公司法》在实施与适用过程中实现法律效果和社会效果的统一。

When interpreting and applying the provisions of the new Company Law,it is necessary to introduce commercial concepts to balance the negative impact of the judicial concepts.It is also essential to correctly understand the essence of the principle of limited liability and the commercial credit system,and to correctly grasp the value orientation of the Company Law:not only focusing on resolving disputes and remedying rights,but also looking forward to the activation of innovation,free operation and commercial prosperity.Taking the interpretation of Article 88(1)of the new Company Law as an example,under the limited contribution system,shareholders enjoy the benefit of time,the transfer of unexpired equity does not constitute a breach of the commitment to make capital contributions,so the transferor does not bear the credit responsibility.The transfer of an unexpired capital contribution is accompanied by a generalized transfer of the rights and obligations of the shareholders.At this point,the obligation to make capital contributions is,in principle,assumed by the transferee.However,the transferor has statutory shareholder responsibilities during the period of shareholding,and also has a certain duty of care in selecting the transferee of the equity interest,at which time the liability constituted is a supplementary guarantee liability.However,this supplementary guarantee liability is limited.Based on the principle of credit protection and limited liability,the time of debt formation should be used as a criterion to delineate the scope of the supplementary guarantee liability to be borne by the transferor.It should be made clear that the transferor is liable only for debts formed prior to the transfer of the equity interest.In addition,special circumstances arising in practice,such as partial transfers,multiple transfers and failure to register a change of shareholding,should be treated in a special way.After the transferor has assumed the supplementary guarantee liability,it may choose either to claim from the company the equity corresponding to the portion of the capital contribution paid by the transferee that cannot be paid,or to recover from the transferee within the scope of the guarantee liability it has assumed.In the face of a large number of new rules appearing under the new Company Law,the theoretical analysis and interpretation of Article 88(1)of the new Company Law is of typical significance.The theoretical analysis and interpretation of the new rules help to promote the unification of the concept of the Company Law,maintain the harmonization of the old and new legal rules in terms of concept and principle,and achieve the unity of legal and social effects in the implementation and application of the new Company Law.