国外国家公园管理资金保障机制及启示

Financing Mechanism for National Park Management:International Experienceand Its Enlightenment

完善的资金保障机制是国家公园持续且有效运营的重要基础。国际上许多国家和地区都在国家公园管理过程中制定了较为完善的资金保障机制,将中央及各级政府、国家公园管理主体、市场经营主体、游客、社区居民、非营利性组织等借助灵活的政策或市场机制有效纳入支持国家公园管理及资源、环境保护的资金供给和分配体系。文中选取美国、澳大利亚、巴西、南非及新西兰等典型国家,总结其国家公园管理的资金保障机制、分配机制及资金使用成效;结合我国国家公园建设实际,提出建立社会捐赠机制、推行专款专用机制、完善特许经营机制等启示性措施,以期为国家公园管理形成完善的资金保障制度和加快机制创新提供借鉴。

Sound financing mechanism is an important foundation for the sustained and effective operation of national parks.A number of countries and regions have established relatively complete financing mechanisms for national park management,effectively incorporating different stakeholders,such as government of different levels,management entities of national parks,market operators,tourists,local communities,non-profit organizations,into the funding supply and distribution system to support national park management and protect both resources and environment through flexible policies or market mechanisms.The paper selects the United States,Australia,Brazil,South Africa,and New Zealand as the typical country to elaborate on the mechanism in place for investment and funds allocation for national park management,as well as the funds utilization effects.With an eye on the actual development of national parks in China,it is proposed to establish a social donation mechanism,promote a regulation mechanism for fund use,and improve the franchise mechanism,in order to provide references for developing a sound financing mechanism for national park management and accelerate institutional innovation.