近代南京农村地区中心地体系——基于1933年江宁自治实验县的人口调查数据的分析

The system of rural central place around Nanjing in modern China:Analysis based on the population survey data of Jiangning autonomous experimental county in 1933

本文以《江宁自治实验县二十二年户口调查报告》中的人口数据为基础,分析1933年南京周边农村地区的空间结构,归纳出近代中国农村在县域尺度上的中心地体系结构。研究结论:①江宁县划分为城市影响区与县域地方,城市影响区是城乡之间的缓冲带,广大的县域内部乡镇体现出较为完整的中心地的体系结构;②第一、第二级中心地的乡镇平均距离之比接近7∶1,符合中心地行政原则(K=7),第三级基层乡镇通过6条道路与周围6个较大的基层村相连,第四级是由集镇、庙宇连结起的最基层社会体系;③近代转型期中国农村“行政中心+散村”结构,是自下而上的传统社会事务管理体系和自上而下的现代政府管控共同作用的结果。研究补充了施坚雅对近代中国农村中心地体系的论述在县域尺度上的表现形式,梳理了中国农村在近代城乡转型的过程中空间结构的变迁及与社会结构的相互关系。

Based on the population data from the“Twenty-second Year Census Report of Jiangning Autonomous Experimental County”,this paper analyzes the spatial structure of rural areas around Nanjing city in 1933,and summarizes the central place system structure of rural areas in modern China on the county scale.The fingdings are as follows:(1)Jiangning can be divided into urban shadow area and county-level area,distinguishing central towns and ordinary towns.The urban shadow area is the buffer zone between urban and rural areas,while the towns and villages within the county reflect a relatively complete central place system structure.(2)The average distance ratio of villages and towns in the primary and secondary central place is close to 7∶1,which is in line with the administrative principle of the central place(K=√7).The grassroots towns and villages in the third level are connected with six larger villages around them through six roads.The grass-roots social system in the fourth level is connected by market towns and temples.(3)The“administrative center-scattered village”structure of rural China in the modern transition period is the result of the joint action of the bottom-up traditional social affairs management system and the top-down modern government control.This paper supplements Skinner's discussion on the central place system of modern Chinese rural areas in the form of the county scale,and sorts out the changes of the spatial structure of Chinese rural areas in the process of the transition period of urban and rural areas in modern China and the mutual relationship with the social structure.