杭州移民与本地居民居住空间分异及社会融合研究

Residential spatial differentiation and social integration of immigrants and local residents in Hangzhou

摸清移民和本地居民的居住空间分异和社会融合状况对总结中国式现代化的历史经验具有重要意义,亦是当前推进以人为核心的新型城镇化、促进空间公平正义、实现共同富裕的重要基础。但现有居住空间分异研究主要关注不同群体的空间分布特征、分异格局和指标测算,很少进一步探讨社会融合问题。本文以杭州为案例,利用首次落户地信息筛选移民,利用绑定了首次落户地信息的手机信令数据揭示移民和本地居民的居住空间分异全貌,结合小样本社会调查,自下而上探讨空间分异下的社会融合状况。研究发现:①杭州常住人口中移民已占多数,移民和本地居民的居住空间分布存在明显差异,本地居民主要聚居在老城区,移民的分布更加离散,相较于美国典型“移民城市”,杭州移民和本地居民的居住空间分异程度较小;②移民和本地居民的居住空间分异格局呈现“多核心+扇形+同心圆”的组合模式,与美国主流群体离心扩散趋势不同,杭州本地群体趋于向心集聚,而外来群体则呈现离心扩散与边缘集聚;③居住空间分异很大程度上是城市扩张之下移民和本地居民对空间资源博弈的结果,但“本地居民聚居老城”现象的背后,移民已不再是传统意义上的弱势群体,部分智力型移民反而主动选择在外围高品质地区聚居;④移民和本地居民的社会融合较好,只是在面对通婚问题时更加慎重,社会融合未受到居住空间分异的负面影响。这主要是由于移民已占多数、居民日常交往不再关注身份标签,族群内的文化差异较小、移民和本地居民日益同化,在就业与第三场所的自由交往弥合了居住空间分异可能造成的负面影响,协调发展、以人为本的社会制度也为社会融合创造了良好条件。

Understanding the spatial segregation and social integration of immigrants and local residents is highly significant in summarizing the historical experience of Chinese modernization.Additionally,it serves as a crucial foundation for promoting a people-centered new urbanization,fostering spatial fairness and justice,and achieving common prosperity.However,current research on residential spatial differentiation primarily focuses on analyzing the spatial distribution characteristics,differentiation patterns,and indicator calculations of various groups,and has limited investigation into social integration issues.This paper explores this social and spatial differentiation phenomenon in Hangzhou,usingthe initial residence registration information and mobile phone signalling data to analyze the characteristics and mechanisms of living space differentiation.Additionally,this article combines a small sample of questionnaires with a bottom-up exploration of social integration under spatial differentiation.From the research,four key findings emerge:(1)The majority of residents in the city are migrants.There is a clear difference in the distribution of living spaces between immigrants and local residents,with local residents mainly concentrated in the old city area,while the distribution of immigrants is more scattered.Compared to the typical"immigrant city"in the United States,Hangzhou has less spatial differentiation between immigrants and local residents.(2)The residential space differentiation between immigrants and local residents in the city presents a combination pattern of"multi-nuclei,sectoral,concentric zone".However,unlike the centrifugal diffusion trend of the local people in the United States,the local residents in Hangzhou tends to gather towards the center,while immigrants choose centrifugal diffusion and peripheral aggregation.(3)The spatial differentiation of living spaces is mainly caused by the competition for spatial resources between immigrants and local residents under urban expansion.However,behind the phenomenon of"local residents live in the old city",immigrants are no longer a disadvantaged group.Some intelligent new immigrants actively choose to live in high-quality peripheral areas.(4)The integration between immigrants and local residents is satisfactory,but it is more cautious about the issue of intermarriage.Additionally,residential spatial segregation has not had a negative impact on social integration.There are four main reasons for this.To begin with,the majority of the population consists of immigrants,and urban residents no longer pay attention to identity labels in their daily interactions.Besides,there is relatively little cultural difference within ethnic groups,and the assimilation between immigrants and local residents is increasing.And then,interactions between individuals in workplace and third place can alleviate the negative impacts caused by residential spatial segregation.Finally,China's coordinated development and peopleoriented social system can also create favorable conditions for social integration.