博士规模扩张的内外部约束与现实路径

The Internal and External Constraints of Sacle Expansion of Doctoral Education and Its Practical Path

中国博士规模从2017年开始重新进入加速扩张的轨道,但从近五年的情况看,博士规模扩张仍然存在明显的内外部约束。从外部看,社会宏观需求是博士规模扩张的关键驱动力。但是对于中国而言,社会宏观需求难以对博士招生产生直接影响,也缺乏对博士合理规模的有效预测方法,导致博士规模扩张不能跟随需求变动,只能走“存量决定增量”的轨道,造成结构性的过剩和教育管理部门对扩张的谨慎态度,反过来抑制博士规模的合理扩张。从内部看,博士规模扩张加剧优质生源质量、培养经费、培养理念、分流机制等方面的矛盾,严重制约了中国博士培养质量的提高,又从内部培养的角度抑制了博士规模扩张。从现实出发,当前博士规模扩张不能搞“吹气球”式的等比例膨胀,而是要基于结构调整的规模扩张。适度扩大规模的具体路径包括:依托资源配置名额,服务国家战略需求;扩大直博招录比例,配套打通分流堵点;提升专业学位比重,积极响应社会需求。

Since 2017,Chinese scale of doctoral education has entered the track of accelerated expansion,but from the situation of the past five years,the expansion of doctoral education still has obvious internal and external constraints.Externally,social macro demand is the key driving force to the expansion.However,for China,it is difficult that the society macro demand directly affect the doctoral enrollment;and there is also lack of effective prediction methods for the reasonable scale of doctoral enrollment.Then,it’s difficult to respond to the social demand,and it can only take the track of“stock determining the increment”.Structural surplus and the cautious attitude to expansion of the education administration,has suppressed the reasonable expansion.Internally,the size expansion leads to more prominent contradictions in high-quality students,training funds,training concept,diversion mechanism and other aspects,which seriously restricts the improvement of the quality of doctoral education and internally suppresses the reasonable expansion.From the perspective of reality,the current doctoral education expansion should base on structural adjustment,instead of the“balloon”expansion.The practical path of moderately expansion includes:allocation of enrollment relying on educational resources for the national strategic demand;enrolling more doctoral candidate from undergraduate students and striving to break through the diversion blockage;increasing the proportion of professional degrees and actively responding to the social demand.