重建公正的经济:托卡耶夫经济改革理念与路径分析

Rebuilding A Just Economy:Tokayev's Concept and Path of Economic Reforms

2022年“一月事件”后,哈萨克斯坦总统托卡耶夫结合国内国际新形势,开启“新哈萨克斯坦”改革,打造哈萨克斯坦历史上的“第二共和国”,为新历史阶段的国家发展指明了方向。改革以“公正”为核心,针对民众反应最强烈的社会矛盾,从政治、经济、社会意识形态三大领域入手,将制度、观念和行动三者相结合,目标是提高人民福祉、提高国家治理水平、实现哈萨克斯坦现代化。托卡耶夫认为“先经济后政治”的改革道路已经走不通,需要以“公正”为核心,本着包容和绿色发展理念,启动“公正的经济”改革,重塑公民—企业—国家三者间关系。通过反垄断和反集中,加大非法资产返还给国家的力度,制定新的发展规划和产业政策,减少贫富差距,释放社会活力,打造公平公正的发展环境,提高经济韧性,争取2029年GDP总值达到4500亿美元,使哈萨克斯坦成为一个能够完全自给自足和有竞争力的经济体。实践证明,托卡耶夫的“公正的经济”改革不是照搬照抄西方模式,而是符合国情的具有哈萨克斯坦特色的道路。改革取得了一定成效,同时也面临诸多困难,在当前国内国际形势下,改革还需要时间。

After the January events of 2022,the President of Kazakhstan Tokayev,taking into account the new domestic and international situation,initiated the reforms of the"New Kazakhstan",creating the"Second Republic"in the history of Kazakhstan,which provided a direction for the development of the country in the new historical stage.The reforms,with"justice"at its core,addresses the social contradictions to which the population is most responsive,starting with the three main areas of politics,economy and social ideology,and combining institutions,concepts and actions,with the goal of increasing the well-being of the people,improving the level of governance in the country and modernizing Kazakhstan.Tokayev believes that the path of"economy before politics"is no longer viable,and that there is a need to initiate"just economy"reforms with"justice"at its core,based on the concepts of inclusiveness and green development and to reshape the relationships between citizens,businesses and the country.Efforts are scheduled to be stepped up to repatriate illegal assets to the government through anti-monopoly and anticoncentration efforts,to formulate new development programmes and industrial policies,to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor,to unleash the dynamism of society,to create a fair and just environment for development,to increase the resilience of the economy,and to strive to reach a GDP of$450 billion by 2029,so as to turn Kazakhstan into a fully self-sufficient and competitive economy.Practice has proved that Tokaev's"just economy"reforms are not a copy of the Western pattern,but rather a path with Kazakh characteristics that meets national conditions.The reforms have achieved certain results and successes,but at the same time they are facing many difficulties.Given the current domestic and international situation,the reforms still require additional time.