重构中国玉文化源流的认知模型——基于第十六次玉帛之路考察的研究

Reconstructing the Cognitive Model of the Origin and Development of Jade Culture——The Sixteenth Report on the Jade Route Expedition

2023年7-8月,文学人类学团队进行第十六次玉帛之路(东北道)考察,覆盖东北三省和内蒙古自治区东部18个县市,聚焦史前玉文化在距今1万—5000年的发生、发展和传播情况。考察结果认为,以距今1万—9000年的吉林双塔遗址和黑龙江小南山遗址为首,南下催生了距今8000—5000年的西辽河地区玉文化高峰,中国玉文化史源流的总体性认知模型需要重构。辽东的海城—岫岩,是北方玉矿资源之都;黑龙江小南山遗址、昂昂溪遗址以及吉林双塔遗址,构成北纬46-47度间的中国玉文化起源带,并由此形成史前玉文化传播的第一次浪潮;随后其南下传播,影响到科尔沁草原至通辽—赤峰地区,催生出以红山文化为代表的史前玉文化第二次浪潮。小南山、昂昂溪、双塔遗址玉器及哈民玉器原料,表明在辽东岫岩玉之外,还有更早期、更偏北的玉矿资源即贝加尔湖玉对玉文化史第一次浪潮的形成发挥了重要作用。玉文化不间断的传承脉络具体展示出“万年中国”文化史上半段即上五千年探索的目标。

This report presents the findings of the 16th Jade Route Expedition(Northeast Route)conducted by the Literary Anthropology Team in July-August 2023.The expedition covered a total of 18counties and cities across the three northeastern provinces and the eastern part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,focusing on the occurrence,development,and dissemination of prehistoric jade culture over the past 5,000years.Led by the Shuangta and Xiaonanshan sites,dating back to 10,000-9,000 years ago in the Jilin and Heilongjiang,the expedition traced the northward genesis of jade culture and its southward expansion,culminating in the jade culture peak in the West Liao River region from 8,000-5,000years ago.The theoretical consideration of this report is to reconstruct the overall cognitive model of the origin and development of Chinese jade culture.The main report comprises five site reviews:Haicheng-Xiuyan in eastern Liaoning,renowned as the capital of northern jade mining resources;the Xiaonanshan and Angangxi sites in Heilongjiang,together with the Shuangta site in Baicheng,Jilin,constitute the origin belt of Chinese jade culture along the 46-47th parallel north,forming the first wave of prehistoric jade culture dissemination.Subsequently,the southward spread influenced the Horqin Grassland to Tongliao-Chifeng area,giving birth to the second wave of prehistoric jade culture represented by the Hongshan culture.Examining the jade artifacts from the Xiaonanshan,Angangxi,and Shuangta sites,as well as the raw materials of Hamin jade,reveals that in addition to the Xiuyan jade in eastern Liaoning,there were earlier and more northern jade mining resources—the jade ore from Lake Baikal,which played a crucial role in shaping the first wave of jade culture history.With a renewed understanding of the uninterrupted lineage of jade culture,this expedition aims to specifically demonstrate the exploration goals of the first half of the“Ten-Thousand-Year China”cultural history,namely the upper five thousand years.