知识论对良知学的补充——以方以智“知”论为中心

The Supplement of Epistemology to the Study of Conscience——Centered on Fang Yizhi's Theory of “Knowledge”

方以智认为龙溪之学对“圣人”知识维度的弱化,偏离了孔孟仁智双显的主旨精神。他以“乾知大始、三德首知”等为论据,证明先秦儒学将“可学可虑”之“知”列于至尊至贵的地位。方以智从“知”的主体、工夫和价值三个方面,进行了知识论体系的自觉建构。他指出,“心”有认知物理之“灵”,人当以“虚心”和“好学”为求知工夫,世界亦因“以智相积”而日新。方以智“不昧同体之仁,善用差别之智”观点的提出,意味着晚明学术出现了一个重要转向,即由良知学的自我重建逐渐走向以知识论补充良知学。着重于知识论的阐述,是明清之际经世致用实学思潮兴起的重要标志。

Fang Yizhi believed that the weakening of the knowledge dimension of “sages” by the study of Longxi was deviation from the spirit of Confucius and Mencius' dual manifestation of benevolence and wisdom.He used arguments such as “Qian Zhi Da Shi” and “San De Shou Zhi” as evidence to prove that Pre-Qin Confucianism put “knowledge” first and foremost.Fang Yizhi consciously constructed the epistemological system from three aspects:the subject,implementation path,and value of knowledge.He pointed out that the ”mind” has the “spirit” of cognitive physics,and people should use “make the heart clear” and “study diligently” as their pursuit of knowledge.The world is also constantly changing due to the accumulation of intelligence.The proposal of Fang Yizhi's viewpoint of “not disregarding the unity of benevolence and making good use of the differences of wisdom” signified an important shift in the academic field of the late Ming Dynasty,from the self-reconstruction of conscience studies to the supplementation of conscience studies with epistemology.The emphasis on the exposition of epistemology was an important symbol of the rise of the practical learning trend during late Ming and early Qing.