论人工智能对人的主体性的冲击及化解路径——基于马克思机器论视角的考察

On the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Human Subjectivity and the Solution Approach in the Perspective of the Marx s Machine Theory

在马克思看来,新机器的发明和应用既具有推动社会生产力发展的积极面,也会引发一些消极后果。人工智能作为数字时代的典型产品,其本质是一种合目的的手段,是人的本质的对象化,它的出现使人制造和使用某种工具的能力在层次上有了一个巨大的飞跃。但是,作为一项新技术,人工智能同样不可避免地面临科林格里奇困境,并凭借其大数据的精确计算实质性地加剧现代社会中人的异化状态,对人的主体性造成冲击。具体表现为,侵犯人的人格尊严,削弱人的自主性和独立性,挤压人在社会中的主体地位以及导致人的交往异化问题。化解人工智能对人的主体性造成的冲击,首先,要坚持人是实践主体原则,为人的主体性复归提供理论遵循;其次,要坚持技术理性和价值理性的统一,使人摆脱人工智能的牵引和钳制;最后,严格遵循科技伦理,明确作为主体的人与作为工具的人工智能之间的边界。

In Marx s view,the invention and application of new machines has a positive side that promotes the development of the productive forces of society but also triggers some negative consequences.Artificial intelligence,as a typical product of the digital age,is essentially a means to an end,an objectification of human nature,and its emergence has led to a giant leap in the hierarchy of man s ability to make and use tools.However,as a new technology,AI is equally inevitably confronted with the Collingridge dilemma,and substantially exacerbates the alienated state of human beings in modern society by virtue of its precise computation of big data,impacting on human subjectivity.Specifically,it violates human dignity,weakens human autonomy and independence,squeezes the subjective status of human beings in society,and leads to the problem of alienation of human interaction.To resolve the impact of artificial intelligence on human subjectivity,first of all,we must adhere to the principle that human beings are the main body of practice,and provide a theoretical guidance aid for the reversion of human subjectivity.Secondly,it is necessary to adhere to the unity of technical rationality and value rationality so that people can get rid of the pull and clamp of AI.Finally,it is necessary to strictly follow the ethics of science and technology,and to make clear the boundaries between human beings as subjects and AI as a tool.