行为人故意或者重大过失担责的正义基础——《民法典》行为人故意或重大过失担责的失当规范研究

The Justice Basis for the Intentional or Gross Negligence of the Perpetrator to Bear Responsibility——A Study on the Inappropriate Norms of Intentional or Gross Negligence Liability of Actors in the Civil Code

《民法典》规定行为人故意或者重大过失担责存在部分规范失当,具体表现为代管人代管失踪人财产担责的规范误判、遗产管理人违反管理职责担责规则失当、侵害具有人身意义的特定物精神损害赔偿责任的规范失当、用人单位对工作人员行使追偿权的规范失当和对提供劳务一方行使追偿权的规范失当。其理论根源是违反通过民事责任修复民事权利义务关系的矫正正义观念,造成配置权利义务失当、调整当事人利益关系失衡、立法立场偏移和逻辑关系失调。纠正的办法是,立法上应当基于矫正正义的要求进行修法或者作出法律解释,司法适用上适用诚信原则的衡平法功能进行适当调整。

The Civil Code stipulates that there are some normative failures in the liability for intentional or gross negligence of the perpetrator,which are manifested in the misjudgment of the trustee's responsibility for managing the missing person's property,the improper rules of the inheritance administrator's violation of management responsibilities,the improper norms of the compensation responsibility for spiritual damage to specific objects with personal significance,the improper norms of the employer's exercise of the right of recovery against the staff,and the improper norms of the party providing labor services in exercising the right of recovery.The theoretical root of this is the violation of the concept of corrective justice that repairs civil rights and obligations through civil liability,resulting in improper allocation of rights and obligations,imbalance in adjusting the interests of the parties,deviation of legislative stance,and imbalance of logical relationships.The method of correction is that legislation should be amended or legal interpretations should be made based on the requirements of corrective justice,and the equitable function of the principle of good faith should be appropriately adjusted in judicial application.