美国能源战略与国家能源治理制度的演进

U.S.Energy Strategy and Institutional Changes of Its Energy Governance

能源战略是美国全球霸权战略的重要内容。战略有效执行需要与之相匹配的、强有力的国内制度支撑。从第二次世界大战爆发开始,美国就逐渐结束了能源领域的放任自由主义,科技创新、能源安全、气候环保和产业发展构成了之后美国政府能源战略的四个核心职能,它们之间的分化组合与优先次序塑造了不同时期美国能源战略的基本特征,进而又驱动了其国内能源治理制度的变迁。从第二次世界大战结束至今,美国国家能源战略历经了初始期、推进期、懈怠期和强化期四阶段的演化;在差异化的战略需求作用之下,美国能源治理制度也相应呈现出制度“分散”、制度“整合”、制度“退化”和制度“升级”的变迁轨迹。观察美国能源治理制度的变迁,有助于理解美国联邦政府在能源事务中所展现出的“显性”发展型国家模式,从而进一步打破社会科学界关于美国自由主义的“迷思”。

Energy is the so-called“blood”of modern economy.The U.S.is the primary energy exporter and consumer,and its national strategy is bound to have vigorous domestic institutional support.Against the backdrop of the Cold War,the U.S.government has gradually ended‘laissez-faire'liberalism in the energy sector,and formulated systematic and diverse energy strategies in different periods,which have been strongly characterized by four underlying roles:energy security,industrial development,climate and environmental protections,and technological innovation.The reconfigurations among the four roles have molded the national strategies in various periods that drove profound institutional changes in U.S.energy governance eventually.Since 1945,the U.S.national strategy has been in four sta ges:the initial stage,the advanced stage,the slack stage,and the reinforcement stage.Accordingly,U.S.energy governance has also been propelled and expedited through institutional changes of“fragmentation”a“-malgamation,”“degeneration,”and“upgrade.”Analyzing institutional changes of U.S energy governance will not only help scholars better comprehend the indispensable role of the federal government in energy affairs,but also assist scholars to reconsider the academic and liberal myth of a"weak"American state in social science.