压缩现代化视角下日本女性主妇化的演变及其时空特征

The Evolutionand Temporal-Spatial Characteristics of the Female Housewifization in Japan from the Perspective of Compressed Modernization

女性主妇化是现代化进程中出现的过渡现象。日本作为一个压缩型后发现代化国家,其女性主妇化现象经历了三个主要阶段:19世纪80年代到20世纪40年代的诞生期、20世纪50年代到70年代的大众期以及20世纪80年代到21世纪10年代的模式转换期。与欧美国家相比,日本的女性主妇化演变过程呈现出压缩与延伸的时空特征。在时间维度上,日本压缩了欧美国家的生涯性主妇化阶段,同时延伸了阶段性主妇化阶段。这种压缩与延伸的共存,使得传统、第一现代化和第二现代化挤压并存在同一时空内。在空间维度上,日本传统、压缩版的第一现代化与第二现代化之间产生了激烈的摩擦、融合和断裂,形成混合多元性的同时,其性别意识形态与政策、现实之间也呈现出不对称性。为了解决这一矛盾性特征带来的一系列社会问题,日本需要跨越公私二元界限,打破公私领域的性别角色分工,构建一个男女可以平等地兼顾事业和家庭的社会。

The housewifization of women represents a transitional phenomenon in the process of modernization.Japan,as a compressed latecomer in modernization,has experienced three main stages in the phenomenon of women housewifization:the birth phase from the 1880s to the 1940s,the mass phase from the 1950s to the 1970s,and the model transition phase from the 1980s to the 2010s.Compared to western countries,Japan's evolution of women housewifization exhibits compressed and extended temporal-spatial characteristics.Temporally,Japan compressed the career-oriented housewife phase of western countries while simultaneously extending the phase-oriented housewife stage.This coexistence of compression and extension leads to the convergence of tradition,first modernization,and second modernization within the same temporal-spatial framework.Spatially,Japan experiences intense friction,fusion,and fragmentation between tradition,compressed first modernization and second modernization,resulting in a mixed diversity,where gender ideologies,policies,and reality exhibit asymmetry.To address the societal issues arising from this conflicting feature,Japan needs to transcend the public-private binary boundary,break gender role division in the public and private domains,to construct a society where men and women can equally balance career and family.