威慑目标下环境行政处罚实施效果及优化

Effect and optimization of environmental administrative punishment under deterrence target

威慑是环境行政处罚制度的核心目标,当前研究对环境行政处罚威慑作用运行效果的挖掘还不够深入。单纯的法学研究由于忽视了对于环境行政处罚威慑效果的实证检验,其研究结论并不能很好地为环境行政处罚制度的完善提供支撑。运用2016年第一季度至2019年第二季度主要污染物排放严重超标的国家重点监控企业和重点排污单位处罚整改情况的736个微观数据,建立二元Logit和有序Logit模型考察不同种类的环境行政处罚对于排污单位的威慑效果,研究发现,名誉罚和较低数额的财产罚并不能产生显著的威慑效果,而高额的财产罚和行为罚对于减排决策产生实质性影响,具有威慑效果。为增强名誉罚和财产罚的威慑效果,应建立环境警告累积转换制度以及整合没收违法所得功能的环境罚款。

Deterrence is the core goal of the environmental administrative punishment system.The current research on the deterrent effect of environmental administrative punishment is not deep enough.Because the simple legal research ignores the empirical test of the deterrent effect of environmental administrative punishment,its conclusions could not provide a solid support for improving the system.Based on 736 microcosmic data on the rectification of punishment imposed on key national monitoring enterprises and key polluters from the first quarter of 2016 to the second quarter of 2019,binary Logit and orderly Logit models were established to investigate the deterrent effect of different types of environmental administrative punishments on polluters.It was found that reputation penalty and low amount of property penalty did not produce significant deterrent effect,while high property penalty and behavior penalty had substantial impact on emission reduction decision-making and had deterrent effect.In order to enhance the deterrent effect of reputation penalty and property penalty,cumulative conversion of environmental warning and environmental penalty integrating the function of illegal gains confiscation should be established.