耐磨钢的发展与耐磨性强化

Development and wear resistance enhancement of wear-resistant steel

磨损是导致材料失效的主要原因之一,耐磨钢是一类广泛用于各种磨损工况的耐磨材料。工业化水平的不断发展对耐磨钢的性能提出了更高的要求,兼具较高强度和良好韧性是耐磨钢开发的重要方向。在需求驱动下,耐磨金属材料先后经历了锰钢、镍硬铸铁、高铬铸铁与低合金钢的迭代发展,由此衍生出众多种类的耐磨钢。本文根据耐磨钢的发展历程,对耐磨钢进行分类,依次介绍各种耐磨钢的特点、应用场景、研究现状与不足,总结合金化、轧制、热处理、表面工程等四种耐磨钢的耐磨性强化方法,展望高性能耐磨钢的未来研究方向和发展前景。

Wear is one of the main causes of material failure.Wear-resistant steel is a kind of wear-resistant material widely used in various wear conditions.The continuous development of industrialization level puts forward higher requirements for the performance of wear-resistant steel,and both high strength and good toughness are important directions for the development of wear-resistant steel.Driven by demand,wear-resistant metal materials have experienced the iterative development of manganese steel,nickel hard cast iron,high chromium cast iron and low alloy steel,resulting in many types of wear-resistant steel.In this paper,according to the development history of wear-resistant steel,the characteristics,application scenarios,research status and shortcomings of various wear-resistant steel are introduced in turn on the basis of the classification of wear-resistant steel,and four methods of wear-resistant steel including alloying,rolling,heat treatment and surface engineering are summarized,and the future research direction and development prospect of high-performance wear-resistant steel are prospected.