混合与独立:德国职业教育高等形态的协调布局

Hybridity and Independence:The Coordinated Layout of Higher Forms of Vocational Education in Germany

国家在高等层次对职业教育的规划和布局,关系着现代职业教育体系的完整性和高等教育普及化阶段的多样性。在德国,职业教育在高等层次拥有混合形态和独立形态:前者为同时授予(初始)职业型资格和学术型资格的职学混合教育,以双元制高校教育为代表;后者为专注授予高级职业型资格的职业进修教育,拥有贯通的职业进阶路径和三级资格体系。德国针对职业进修教育启用“职业行家-专业学士-专业硕士”三级称谓,以期打造与双元制高校教育齐名的“高等职业教育”品牌。德国职业教育在高等层次并立混合形态和独立形态的布局,有助我国在发展“职业本科教育”中更好厘清职业教育的功能定位、类型属性和层次关系。

The layout of vocational education at the higher level is related to the integrity of the modern vocational education system and the diversity of the universalization phase of higher education.In Germany,vocational education has a hybrid form and an independent form at the higher level.The former is a vocationalacademic hybrid education aimed at granting(initial)vocational qualifications and academic qualifications at the same time,represented by the dual higher education;the latter is the advanced vocational education that focuses on the German advanced vocational qualifications,with a coherent vocational advancement path and a three-level qualification system.Germany hopes to create a"higher vocational education and training"brand by using the title of"professional expert-professional bachelor-professional master".The layout of higher forms of vocational education in Germany can provide reflections on the functional orientation and level division of vocational education for the construction of"vocational education at undergraduate level"in China.