政策情境与工具选择:行为助推何以促进政策创新

Policy Context and Tool Choice:A GovernmentPeople Interaction Perspective on How Behavioral Nudge Promotes Policy Innovation

行为助推不仅是一种源于认知缺陷的行为纠偏手段,更是一种基于人性化设计的政策创新工具。本研究从政民互动视角出发,构建起“政策情境-工具选择”的二维分析框架,呈现出行为助推政策创新的工具选择与搭配现状。进一步地,通过对25个助推案例的定性比较分析发现,决策者选择何种助推工具受到上级政府态度、核心领导动员、政府创新行为、政府行政伦理、公共服务动机、政策满意度、政府信任度、合法合理性感知和关键人物斡旋之间的综合影响,主要呈现出权威主导型、民主主导型、中庸主导型、贫乏主导型四种不同的选择路径,并在此实证基础上构建起行为助推政策工具选择的“政府创新-公民遵从”的内在逻辑框架。本研究将该逻辑框架内嵌于中国情境下的政府运转系统之中,解构出行为助推促进政策创新的内在机理:一是助推政策的产生更多源于政府决策者多重动机集的驱动,包括完成任务的动机、政绩亮点竞争的动机以及亲社会公众的公共服务动机;二是政府和公民对政策问题的积极回应、议程思考与协商执行共同构建起行为助推政策的自动选择与遵从的行为公约束机制。因而,本研究认为在行为助推政策的选择与执行过程中,政策情境、主体结构、行为策略三者共同构造了一个具有动态循环性的政策创新系统,推动了公共治理目标的达成。本文探究了行为助推促进政策创新的内在逻辑,既有助于行为助推理论的本土化构建,也对进一步改进我国的政策议程设置有所启益。

Behavioral nudge is not only a means of behavioral correction stemming from cognitive deficiencies,but also a policy innovation tool based on humane design.Starting from the perspective of governmentpublic interaction,this study constructs a twodimensional analytical framework of“policy contexttool selection,”presenting the current situation of tool selection and matching for behavioral promotion of policy innovation.Further,through the qualitative comparative analysis of 25 nudge cases,we found that the choice of nudge tools by policymakers is influenced by:the attitude of superior government,the mobilization of core leaders,the innovative behavior of the government,the administrative ethics of the government,the public service motivation,the satisfaction of the policy,the trust in the government,the perceived of legitimacy and reasonableness,and the mediation of key figures.These are mainly expressed in four selection paths:authoritativedominant,democraticdominant,moderatedominant,povertydominated.Using this empirical evidence,we constructed an internal logical framework of“government innovationcitizen compliance”in which behaviors contribute to the selection of policy instruments.By embedding this logical framework in the governmental operating system in the Chinese context,we then deconstructed the internal mechanism of behavioral nudge to promote policy innovation.First,the generation of nudge policies is driven by governmental policymakers\motives,which include accomplishing tasks,competing for performance highlights,and prosocializingpublic service.Second,the active responses to policy issues,agenda thinking,and the negotiation of implementation of policy issues by both the government and the citizens join tobuild up a system of public constraints on the automatic choice of behavioral nudge policies and the behavioral compliance with them.Thus,we argue that in the process of choosing and implementing behavior nudge policies the following should be considered.The policy context,subject structure,and behavioral strategies together construct a policy innovation system with dynamic circularity.Together they promote the achievement of public governance goals,as this study shows.This paper also explores the internal logic of behavioral nudge for policy innovation,which both contributes to the localized construction of behavioral nudge theory and sheds light on the further improvement of policy agenda setting in China.