概念、维度及历时性视角下的旅游者“异化”行为研究——从旅游者“越轨”行为谈起

Understanding Alienated Tourist Behaviour:Conceptualization,Dimensions,and Temporal Perspective

国内外对“越轨”与“异化”讨论较为广泛,但交替使用导致概念混淆,且在旅游者行为层面的讨论有限。文章以哲学和社会心理学为基础,首先回顾旅游者“越轨”行为的概念,发现已有概念忽视了旅游情境具有居住地-目的地空间转换的特殊性,存在与其他情境下“越轨”行为研究边界模糊的问题。随后,受到“异化”一词在“越轨”相关文献中频繁出现的启发,作者探究了两者的起源和广义的内涵,发现“异化”在描述和把握旅游者负面行为时更具有解释力:一方面,“异化”在“异常”维度的讨论上不局限于对社会准则的违背,比“越轨”更为包容;另一方面,“异化”强调了行为本身的变化在揭示旅游者负面行为产生原因方面的重要性,补充了“差异”这一维度。由此,文章提出了“旅游者‘异化’行为”的概念,即“旅游者在目的地与居住地之间有变化且是变化后带有负面影响的行为”。最后,引入历时性的视角将行为发生地的认知从通常的二元扩展到三元,挖掘了“异化”中“行为差异”出现情境的新可能性,同时促进了“越轨”讨论中“社会准则”参考地的拓展。研究从“越轨”概念出发,贯穿对旅游活动特殊性的思考,对“异化”概念在旅游者行为研究中的应用进行了内涵、概念、维度上的回顾与分析,旨在为未来旅游者消极行为的研究提供启示。

The discussions on deviance and alienation are extensive both domestically and internationally,yet their interchangeable usage has led to conceptual confusion,particularly in the academic discourse surrounding tourist behaviour.This study,grounded in philosophy and social psychology,first revisits the concept of deviant behaviour among tourists,revealing its oversight of the distinctive spatial transformation between residence and destination inherent under tourism contexts,thereby highlighting the blurred boundaries between deviant behaviour research in other contexts.Subsequently,inspired by the frequent appearance of the term“alienation”in literature related to deviance,the study delves into the origins and broad connotations of both concepts,finding that alienation provides a stronger explanatory power when addressing negative behaviours among tourists:on one hand,alienation,in its discussion of“deviance,”transcends mere violations of social norms and is more inclusive compared to deviance;on the other hand,it emphasizes the significance of behavioural changes themselves in revealing the underlying reasons for negative behaviours among tourists,thereby supplementing the dimension of“difference.”Building upon this,the study introduces the concept of“Alienated Tourist Behaviour,”defined as“behaviour among tourists that exhibits changes between the destination and the residence and is accompanied by negative consequences post-change.”Lastly,a diachronic perspective is introduced,expanding the cognition of behavioural occurrences from the typical binary to a ternary framework,thereby providing new avenues for discussing“behavioural differences”within the concept of alienation and facilitating the expansion of the reference framework of“social norms”within discussions of deviance.This study,stemming from the concept of deviance,traverses reflections on the uniqueness of tourism activities,and conducts a retrospective and analytical review of the application of the concept of alienation in the study of tourist behaviour in terms of its connotation,concept,and dimensions,with the aim of providing insights for future research on negative tourist behaviour.