宅基地资格权回归集体成员权的实质与路径

The Essence and Path of Qualification Right of Homestead from the Perspective of Collective Membership Right

“三权分置”背景下的宅基地资格权,是“两权分置”背景下宅基地使用权中身份性内容析出后权利化的结果,但实质上源自集体所有权及其塑造的集体对成员“户有所居”保障关系。将宅基地资格权定位为集体成员权,符合宅基地资格权探索的实践理性,是宅基地资格权向集体成员权的应然回归。宅基地资格权由集体成员组成的农户所拥有的宅基地分配请求权、宅基地使用权回复权、宅基地补助补偿权及衔接权能构成,其行使不得违背“限禁规则”。基于保障功能及其对应集体成员权实现的要求,宅基地资格权设定应当采取登记生效模式,并明确村级农村集体经济组织或村民委员会在宅基地管理中的权限,代表成员集体开展宅基地资格权认定与登记工作。将“自愿有偿”作为主体放弃宅基地资格权的强制要求,坚持宅基地资格权不得流转,并以“户有所居”保障功能实现为依据。通过相应的衔接规则,可以实现宅基地资格权与集体住房保障、国家住房保障、土地征收制度有序衔接。

The qualification right of homestead is the carrier of the identity content in the right to use the homestead under the traditional homestead system.But in essence,it originates from collective ownership and the guarantee relationship of collective ownership to its members.Returning to and transcending the collective membership right is the practical rationality and obligatory regression of the exploration of the right of homestead qualification.The qualification right of homestead consists of the right to request for the allocation of homestead,the right to reclaim the right to use the homestead,the right to compensation and compensation for the homestead and related systems linked to farmers.But its exercise shall not violate the prohibition rules.According to the guarantee function and the corresponding related requirements,collective regulatory rights should be clearly provided for,and related rural collective economic organizations or villagers’committees should be required to carry out the identification and registration of the qualification right of homestead on behalf of the collective.It is necessary to include“voluntary compensation”as a mandatory provision on the subject’s right to waive homestead qualification rights and to insist that the qualification right of homestead cannot be transferred.To realize the guarantee function of ensuring“households have a house to live in”,transition rules should be established to effectively connect homestead qualification rights with the collective housing security,national housing security,and land expropriation systems.