未成年人言词证据排除规则的评析与完善——以《刑诉法解释》第90条第5项和第94条第4项为中心

Reflecting and Improving of the Exclusionary Rule for Juvenile′Testimonial Evidence--focus on the Article 90(5)and 94(4)of the Interpretation of the Criminal Procedure Law

合适成年人在场不仅是未成年人在刑事诉讼中享有的基本诉讼权利,亦是办案人员收集未成年人言词证据的程序性要求。但是,立法规定并未全然在实践中得以表达。办案人员在讯问(询问)未成年人时,存在违反合适成年人在场规定收集未成年人言词证据的行为,并对其取得证据的效力产生直接影响。为了提升合适成年人在场的制度刚性,2021年《刑诉法解释》第90条第5项、第94条第4项对合适成年人未到场的法律后果予以了明确,但其以未成年人主体为区分依据与既往的实践操作相背离。此外,立法并未对违反顺位通知合适成年人到场的法律后果予以明确。为了切实保障未成年人的程序性权利,未通知合适成年人到场法律后果的设置应当回归权利保障的基本理念,通过适用非法证据排除规则对办案人员的违法取证行为进行制裁。对于违反法定顺位取得的未成年人言词证据,应适用瑕疵证据排除规则,给予办案人员作出合理解释的机会。

The participation of appropriate adult is not only a fundamental procedural right enjoyed by juvenile in criminal procedure,but also a procedural requirement for interrogation staff to collect juvenile′testimonial evidence.However,the legislative provisions have not all been expressed in judicial practice.Interrogation staff collect Juvenile′testimonial evidence in violation of appropriate adult′s presence during interrogation(questioning)and has a direct impact on the validity of the evidence obtained by Interrogation staff.In order to enhance the rigidity of the system,the Article 90(5)and 94(4)of the Interpretations by the Supreme People′s Court Regarding the Application of the Criminal Procedure Law of the People′s Republic of China definitizes the legal consequences of absence of appropriate adult during interrogation(questioning),but the distinction based on the subject matter of juveniles is contrary to the judicial practice.In addition,the legislation does not specify the legal consequences of breaching the notification of appropriate adult′s presence in accordance with the sequence rule.In order to effectively safeguard the procedural rights of juvenile,the establishment of procedural legal consequences for failing to notify appropriate adult′s presence should return to the basic idea of rights protection,and include of juvenile′testimonial in the Absence of appropriate adult the application scope of the exclusion rule of illegal evidence.The exclusion rule of defective evidence shall be applied to juvenile′testimonial obtained in violation of the sequence rule,and interrogation staff shall be given the opportunity to give a reasonable explanation.