环境污染物联合暴露的人体健康累积风险评估研究进展

Progress in cumulative risk assessment of human health from combined exposure to environmental pollutants

环境污染物的联合暴露往往会对人类健康产生意想不到的危害。如何去比较和评估这种危害,一直以来都是国际社会密切关注的问题。目前在人体健康风险评估领域使用较多的4种联合暴露风险评估方法分别为危险指数(hazard index,HI)法、分离点指数(point of departure index,PODI)法、暴露阈值(margin of exposure,MOE)法,以及相对效能因子(relative potency factor,RPF)法。该文综述了这4种方法在具有相同毒性机制的同一类化学物联合暴露的累积风险评估中的应用现状,主要包括以有机磷农药、拟除虫菊酯类农药、氨基甲酸酯类农药和新烟碱类农药为主的农药类,以及与人类生产生活息息相关的典型化合物,如有机磷阻燃剂、全氟化合物和双酚类化合物。此外,该文还概括了生理药代动力学(physiologically based pharmacokinetics,PBPK)模型在人体健康风险评估中的研究进展,为今后开展各类环境污染物联合暴露的人体健康累积风险评估提供可选方法,也为进一步探索和建立更加系统科学的人体健康风险评估方法提供思路。

The combined exposure to environmental pollutants can result in unanticipated adverse effects on human health,and how to compare and assess these effects has always been a matter of great concern for the international community.Currently,several prevalent methods for assessing combined exposure risks in the field of human health risk assessment primarily encompass the hazard index(HI)method,the point of departure index(PODI)method,the margin of exposure(MOE)method,and the relative potency factor(RPF)method.The review summarizes the application of these methods to the cumulative risk assessment of combined exposure to the same class of chemicals with the same toxic mechanism,primarily focusing on pesticides such as organophosphorus pesticides,pyrethroids,carbamates,and neonicotinoids,as well as typical compounds intimately related to human production and life,including organophosphorus flame retardants,per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances,and bisphenols.Furthermore,progress in the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetics models to human health risk assessment has been introduced,which might provide more options for risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals,and help to provide insights for further exploration and establishment of more systematic and scientific approaches to human health risk assessment.