空间超高比冲推进技术综述

Review of Space Ultra-high Specific Impulse Propulsion Technology

比冲是衡量空间推进系统效率的核心指标,持续提高比冲是空间推进技术发展的永恒追求,以木星以远行星际探测为代表的复杂宇航任务对空间推进系统提出达到超高比冲的要求。系统梳理了超高比冲空间推进的主流技术路线,从静电加速机制、电磁场加速机制、新型推进剂加速机制以及新能源加速机制等方面阐述了实现超高比冲的技术途径,分析了提升比冲的关键技术,给出了超高比冲技术发展建议,展望了超高比冲技术的应用前景,为超高比冲技术突破提供参考。

Specific impulse is the core index to measure the efficiency of space propulsion system,and it is an eternal pursuit to continuously improve the specific impulse of space propulsion.At present,complex space mission represented by Jupiter's far-planet interplanetary exploration require space propulsion system to achieve ultra-high specific impulse.This pa-per systematically summarizes technical routes of ultra-high specific impulse propulsion,and expounds the technical ap-proaches to achieve ultra-high specific impulse from the aspects of electrostatic acceleration mechanism,electromagnetic field acceleration mechanism,new propellant acceleration mechanism,and new energy acceleration mechanism.The key technology of improving specific impulse is analyzed,and the development suggestions of ultra-high specific impulse tech-nology are put forward.