《仙传拾遗·马周》的文本建构及寓意——兼论神仙传记对历史人物的神性叙述

The Text Construction and Implication of Selected Works of Immortal Biography-Ma Zhou:Also on the Divine Narratives of Taoist Immortal Biographies on Historical Figures

神仙传记的一般模式为“仙真养成记”或“仙真灵验记”,而《仙传拾遗·马周》一文打破了既往的写作模式。杜光庭在文中着意表达的是一位迷失本性的仙官如何寻回本真的过程。杜光庭将马周设定为华山素灵宫仙官,奉仙王之命赴长安辅佐李世民安邦定国的情节设定,说明他把道教与李唐王朝的天命紧密结合在一起。不论是长安与华山的地理位置,还是马周与李世民“君臣道合”的关系,杜光庭都对此进行了周密构思,以强化道教的“国教”地位。此文虽是为马周立传,但主旨却是在传递“君权神授”的天命观。这种天命观深植于中国的古史文化传统中。

The general mode of Taoist immortal biographies is“Record of Immortal Cultivation”or“Record of Immortal Spirit Experience”,and the article“Selected Works of Immortal Biography-Ma Zhou”breaks the previous writing mode.Du Guangting deliberately expresses in the text how a lost immortal official seeks to regain his true nature.The plot setting of Ma Zhou as an immortal official of Su Ling Gong in Mount Hua,who goes to Chang'an on the order of the immortal king to assist Li Shimin in securing the state and the country,shows that Du Guangting closely combines Taoism with the heavenly order of Li Tang Dynasty.Whether from the geographical point of view of Chang'an and Mount Hua,or from the point of view of the“monarch and minister”between Ma Zhou and Li Shimin,Du Guangting has carefully conceived of this to strengthen the“state religion”status of Taoism.Although this text is a biography of the immortal Ma Zhou,it conveys the concept of“divine right of kings”.This view of providence is deeply rooted in China's ancient historical and cultural traditions.