考虑企业配送能力约束的协作配送模型及成本分摊影响研究

Research on Collaborative Distribution Model Considering Distribution Capability Constraints of Enterprises and Its Influence on Cost Allocation

传统协作配送研究假设企业及其组建的任意子联盟配送能力充足,但现实中每个企业的配送能力都是有限的,可能出现配送能力不足的情况。基于此,本文提出先向联盟内部寻找闲置车辆,再向联盟外部租赁车辆的车辆弥补策略,并设计相应的联盟成本量化流程,构建考虑企业配送能力约束的多方协作配送成本量化模型,采用Shapley值法分摊联盟成本。最后,通过数据实验对策略及模型的有效性进行了验证。结果表明,本文所提方法能够客观量化企业配送能力不足时,子联盟所需的协作配送成本。此外,对企业配送能力约束的影响进行了分析,当联盟成员配送能力不足时,其分摊值上升,成本节约量降低;当其他成员有闲置车辆时,投入闲置车辆能使该部分成员获得额外的经济效益。配送企业需合理配置车辆资源,避免因配送能力不足造成的成本节约量损失;同时,平台应当积极引导车辆资源丰富的企业共享运力,以提高联盟内部资源互补程度,提升联盟整体效益。

Delivery vehicles are limited resources in firms with capital-intensive assets,such as distribution enterprises,which must guarantee high availability and revenue returns.Collaboration via resource sharing among distribution enterprises provides an opportunity to effectively increase the efficiency and sustainability of logistics operations.However,the limitation of the available vehicle capacity will possibly lead to the shortage of distribution capacity and even the failure of collaboration in the distribution process.This problem is modelled as an integer programming which minimizes vehicle routing costs,fixed costs,and possible vehicle rental costs for sub-alliances,named the multi-owner collaborative vehicle routing problem model with limited distribution capability.A vehicle make-up strategy is developed for supplementary vehicles.It allows enterprises with insufficient vehicles to first seek available capacity from members with idle vehicles within the alliance.If their capacity is still not met,vehicle-leasing decisions from other distribution companies outside the alliance must be taken,while paying higher rents as result.Through the vehicle make-up strategy,the cost can be accurately quantified with the model and then a fair and reasonable allocation result is obtained.Then,the Shapley value equation is applied to determine the cost to be shared by each member.Our numerical study on a testbed of instances demonstrates the value of vehicle make-up strategy and the benefits of collaboration.The collaborative distribution leads to significant savings for all members,with a cost reduction of 13.34%to 20.84%compared with individual delivery,even when each alliance members lease a higher-cost vehicle,the total cost savings can reach 12.62%to 19.41%.The benefits of first seeking inside the alliance to find idle vehicles,which are rarely discussed in previous articles,are obvious with a reduction of the additional expenses triggered by vehicle shortages.The numerical results demonstrate that it is still profitable for firms to join collaborative distribution even the delivery capacity is insufficient and need to pay higher rents to lease vehicles.Furthermore,collaboration shows to be particularly attractive for enterprises with high facility reserves,obtaining extra awards through additional cost reduction.The research results have important reference value and practical significance for distribution enterprises who adopt collaborative distribution mechanism and corresponding cost allocation with considering the insufficient vehicle capacity.