试析芦山峁遗址建筑遗存的建筑史意义

A Primary Analysis on the Importance of Lushanmao Site in Architectural History

芦山峁遗址是龙山时期黄土高原的一处区域性中心遗址,遗址揭露的文化遗存对探索史前中国区域社会复杂化和文明起源具有重要价值,其中的建筑遗存对考察中国早期建筑起源与发展具有突出意义。本文指出,芦山峁大营盘梁院落建筑所表现的中轴对称布局特征是目前我国已发现的年代最早的中轴对称式院落建筑实例,并对历史时期院落布局产生了重要影响;聚落内建筑遗存所呈现的居住分区和建筑形式分层现象是社会复杂化背景下社会整合、秩序建构的反映,是社会分化的结果和建筑等级形成的标志;大营盘梁一号院落内出土的陶瓦以明确的出土地点和地层关系实证了我国建筑瓦件起源于史前,并对探索早期建筑瓦件的制作工艺和铺设方式具有重要价值;院落建筑群附设的治水设施承担防水、排水、蓄水与调节水源等功能,并兼具调节局部微气候和美化居住环境等作用,是人地关系处理中发挥能动性和创造性的重要体现。

In recent years,archaeological work at sites such as Shimao,Lushanmao,and Bicun on the plateau in Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces has revealed a series of significant findings,which not only has significant implications for discovering the establishment of early states,but also triggers the review of the origin and establishment of Chinese civilization among the scholars.Hence,buildings and their remains as important components of civilization have attracted much attention consequently.Lushanmao Site,one of the significant findings mentioned above,is the focus of this study.As a regional hub located in the center of loess plateau of Longshan era,this site contains certain remains of civilization,which has significant value for exploring complicated regional society and origin of civilizations in China.The remains of some buildings at the site have outstanding meanings for exploring the origin and development of architecture in early China.After analyzing the layout,building style,roof tile and water management facilities around the courtyard on the Large Garrison Ridge at Lushanmao Site,the author points out that this courtyard dwelling featured with a central axis-based symmetrical layout is the oldest example of a Chinese courtyard with such a layout to date,which has significant impact on the layout of Chinese dwellings of different historical ages.Within the settlement,there are different residential zones and different classes of building styles,which not only reflects the outcomes of social integration and establishment of social order in the context of social complexity,but also symbolizes social stratification and formation of different building classes.In Courtyard 1,terracotta tiles have been excavated from specific locations with clear links to different strata,providing evidence for the pre-historic origin of terracotta tiles for buildings in China.These tiles also have significant meanings for exploring the manufacturing process and installation methods of terracotta tiles in early China.Water management facilities were installed at the courtyard dwellings to prevent flooding,drain and store water,and adjust water sources and local micro-climate while improving the aesthetics of the residential environment.These facilities are important representations of human beings’capabilities and creativity during their interactions with the land.Architecture carries and embodies civilization.Studies on architecture have important implications for the discovery of civilization.From the perspectives of archaeological,architectural,and anthropological studies,the discussions of Lushanmao Site in this paper not only deepen the understandings of relevant archaeological sites,but also provide certain new insights for the origin of ancient Chinese architecture,which may shed some light on research on the origin and establishment of early civilization in China.