马克思技术思想的转向:从本质主义到经验研究——基于MEGA^(2)/工艺学笔记文献分析

The Shift in Karl Marx's Technological Thought: From Essentialism to Empirical Research: A Literature Analysis Based on MEGA^(2)/Technology Notebooks

传统研究往往把马克思技术思想凝结为“决定论”“异化”等命题,本文通过对《马克思恩恩格斯全集》(MEGA^(2))等文献分析,发现其技术思想大致经过三个阶段、两次转向:第一阶段(1845年之前)以“巴黎手稿”为标志,表现出技术本质主义的特征;第二阶段(1845-1850年)以“布鲁塞尔笔记”为标志,转向对技术应用问题的研究;第三阶段(1850年之后)以“伦敦笔记”等为代表,转向对工艺本身的经验性研究。其思想的独到之处在于,以技术的经验性考察为基础展开了对资本主义技术应用的批判性反思,在方法论上实现了经验性与规范性的统一,体现了哲学与科学的贯通与融合。由此可见,马克思的技术思想对马克思主义、技术哲学以及当代的人工智能研究都具有借鉴价值。

Traditional research often reduces Marx’s technological thought into concepts such as “determinism” and “alienation”.This article,through the analysis of documents such as “Marx-Engels Gesamtausgabe” (MEGA^(2)),identifies three major phases and two key turning points in Marx’s technological thought.The first phase,prior to 1845,is characterized by his focus on the essence of technology,exemplified by the “Paris Manuscripts”.The second phase,spanning from 1845 to 1850 and marked by the “Brussels Notebooks”,represents a shift towards the study of technological applications.The third phase,starting from 1850 onwards and exemplified by the “London Notebooks”,signifies a turn towards empirical research on the technology itself.The uniqueness of his thought lies in the fact that the empirical examination of technology is used as the basis for critical reflection on the application of capitalist technology.In terms of methodology,it realizes the unity of the empirical and the normative,reflecting the coherence and integration of philosophy and science.The paper concludes that Marx’s ideas on technology are of value to Marxism,philosophy of technology and contemporary research on artificial intelligence.