数字劳动还是数字消费:对数字劳动理论的马克思主义辨正

Digital Labor or Digital Consumption:A Marxist Analysis of Digital Labor Theory

西方马克思主义理论将数字受众网络空间活动界定为数字劳动,从而确立了一切网络行为皆劳动、数字用户商品化等理论。然而,立足于马克思主义政治经济学批判的精神实质,数字受众的网络空间活动在属性上应当归于数字消费而非数字劳动,并未创造剩余价值,而旨在实现剩余价值。透过马克思的资本生产与再生产整体性原理,以及该原理中销售与消费的逻辑关系、生产与消费的辩证运动关系,可以探赜出数字消费构成了资本数字化再生产整体性中的重要环节,数字平台正是销售与消费的数字化升级版媒介,生产消费者并非生产性劳动者与消费者的二合一,而应指谓数字消费者,从而,数字劳动与数字消费的边界得以显现出来。将数字消费从数字劳动中辨识出来,在理论上有利于马克思主义时代化发展,在实践上则有益于构建网络空间命运共同体、实现人民美好数字生活愿景。

Western Marxist theory defines the activities of digital audience in the online space as digital labor,thereby establishing theories that all online behaviors are labor and the commodification of digital users.However,based on the essential spirit of Marxist critique of political economy,the online activities of digital audience should be attributed to digital consumption rather than digital labor.These activities do not create surplus value but aim to realize it.Through Marx's principles of the totality of capital production and reproduction,as well as the logical relationship between sale and consumption and the dialectical movement of production and consumption within these principles,it can be revealed that digital consumption constitutes an important link in the totality of digital reproduction of capital;digital platforms are the upgraded digital media for sale and consumption;the term“prosumer”should not refer to a hybrid of productive laborers and consumers but should denote digital consumers.Thus,the boundary between digital labor and digital consumption becomes apparent.Differentiating digital consumption from digital labor is theoretically beneficial for the contemporary development of Marxism and practically conducive to building a digital space community with a shared future and realizing the vision of a good digital life for the people.