理想类型:慈善基金会对美国研究型大学发展的价值启示

Ideal Type:The Value Inspiration of Philanthropy Foundations on the Development of American Research Universities

20世纪上半叶,慈善基金会的资助对美国研究型大学的办学形态产生了重要影响。借助马克斯•韦伯的“理想类型”研究方法,辨析美国研究型大学在发展过程中所具备的特质:高水平的科学研究、高等教育自身的改革与发展、与社会同频共振,从而凸显研究型大学对社会发展的重要价值。基金会对美国研究型大学关键发展层面的支持,包括提升科学研究水平、强调研究成果的实用性,实施重点大学策略,客观上促进了美国高等教育的分类发展。基金会资助是美国研究型大学建设过程中塑造其发展形态的重要推动力量。对我国高等教育发展而言,重视外部社会资源对大学发展的推动作用,同时完善办学经费资源统筹机制,兼顾科学研究的政府逻辑与市场逻辑,将有利于建设高质量教育体系。

The funding of philanthropy foundations in the first half of the 20th century has had an important impact on shaping the form of American research universities.By using Max Weber's ideal type research method,this paper analyzes the characteristics of American research universities in the development process,including high-level scientific research,promoting the reform and development,resonating with society,and highlighting the important value of research universities for social development.The foundation's support for key development aspects of research universities in the United States,including enhancing the level of scientific research,emphasizing the practicality of research results,and implementing the strategy of key universities,has objectively promoted the stratification and development of higher education.Foundation funding is a driving force for shaping the development pattern of research universities in the United States during the construction process.For China,attaching importance to the role of external social resources in promoting the development of universities,improving the mechanism for coordinating educational funding resources,balancing the relationship between the government and the market for scientific research,is conducive to building a high-quality education system.