水利、环境与社会:清代木兰陂的水利变迁

Water Conservancy,Environment,and Society:The Changes of Water Conservancy in Mulanbei during the Qing Dynasty

通过分析、论证,发现清代莆田木兰陂地区自然环境不断恶化,加之自然灾害频发,导致水利设施维修频繁且耗资猛增,水利环境持续恶化;而同时财政赋役制度改革导致官府财政支配权力下降,为此官府不得不借助民间力量,水利社会控制权日益下移,水利民间化趋势逐渐加深。“董事”制的确立、“计亩出资”与捐资的互补、“按田派夫”与“雇夫”交错,是莆田木兰陂地区水利社会在清朝赋役制度改革的背景下结合当地水利环境情势做出的适时调整,也是水利民间化趋势加强的表现。

Through analysis and argumentation,it is found that the natural environment in Mulanbei area of Putian during the Qing Dynasty continued to deteriorate,coupled with frequent natural disasters,leading to frequent and costly maintenance of water conservancy facilities,resulting in a continuous deterioration of the water conservancy environment.At the same time,the reform of the fiscal taxation system had led to a decrease in the disposable financial power of the government.As a result,the government had to rely on the power of the people,and the social control of water conservancy was increasingly shifting downwards.The trend of water conservancy becoming more private was gradually deepening.The establishment of the"director"system,the complementarity of"contribution per mu"and donations,and the interweaving of"dispatching laborers according to the field"and"hiring laborers"were timely adjustments made by the water conservancy society in Mulanbei area of Putian in the context of the Qing Dynasty's taxation system reform,combined with the local water conservancy environment situation,and also a manifestation of the strengthening trend of popularization.