“只要一P,就Q”的句法、语义和语用考察

A Syntactic,Semantic and Pragmatic Study of"Once P,Q"

在前人研究的基础上,基于叙述文体(小说)中的语料,以定量分析的方式,从篇章的角度,从句法、语义和语用三个层面对“只要一P,就Q”做了比较细致的考察。结论是:1)句法上,总体看,由于受到句法、语义和表达流畅度等多种因素的制约和影响,大多数P比较复杂,“一”后光杆动词的例子并不多见;大多数的Q更为复杂,这既是语义表达充分性的要求,更决于语用意图。2)语义上,“据实总括”类频率比“假言预测”类高出不少。主要是因为小说多用“一般过去时”。此外,也是为强调Q的异常性和推进故事情节的需要。3)语用意图共有四种类型。但表达类的频率远比其他各类高,这可以从句式语义的瞬时性和Q中结果的异常性所引起的心理反应来解释。

Based on previous studies and the corpora of the narrative style(fiction),by means of quantitative analysis,this paper makes a detailed study on"Once P,Q"from three levels of syntax,semantics and pragmatics from the perspective of the text.The conclusions are as follows:1)Syntactically,as a whole,most of the Ps are complicated due to the restriction and influence of syntax,semantics and fluency of expression,it is not often that a bare verb appears after"Once";most of Qs are more complicated,which is not only the requirement of full semantic expression,but also depends on pragmatic intention.2)Semantically,the frequency of"Factual generalization"is much higher than that of"Hypothetical prediction",mainly because the fiction uses"the general past tense".In addition,it is also to emphasize the anomaly of Q and the need to advance the storyline.3)There are four types of pragmatic intention.But expression classes are far more frequent than the other classes.This can be explained by the transience of syntactic semantics and the psychological reaction caused by the abnormality of the result in Q.