英雄与暴君:民国时期的朱元璋形象书写

Hero and Tyrant:The Image of Zhu Yuanzhang in the Republic of China

朱元璋是中国历史上的重要人物。他在明清史书中始终存在两种形象:一是千古圣君,二是残忍的暴君。步入近代以后,二者被注入新的活力。因其驱逐胡元、光复河山被民族主义者塑造成民族英雄,因其残暴统治、专制独裁而被求共和申民权者视为专制暴君。这两种形象都与时局息息相关,其民族英雄形象在日军全面侵华前后达到最高点;而抗战胜利后因蒋介石的专制独裁,其暴君形象被更多发掘。民国时期朱元璋英雄和暴君的形象分别是尼采所说纪念式历史和批判式历史的体现,它既是历史与现实间永恒对话的反映,也折射出现代性追求与历史传统之间的张力。

Zhu Yuanzhang is an important figure in Chinese history,he has two images in the history books of the Ming and Qing dynasties:one is a Great Emperor,and the other is a cruel tyrant.After entering the modern era,these two images have been injected with new vitality.He was called a national hero with nationalism,because he expelled the Yuan dynasty and restored China,and was called a tyrant by those who sought republic and civil rights because of his brutal rule of autocracy and dictatorship.Both images are closely related to the situation at that time.The national hero image reached its highest point when Japanese army invaded China in an all-round way.After the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression,due to Chiang Kai-shek's authoritarian dictatorship,the image of his tyrant was more explored.The images of Zhu Yuanzhang hero and tyrant during the Republican period are the embodiment of Nietzsche's monumental history and critical history,respectively.It is not only a reflection of the eternal dialogue between history and reality,but also a reflection of the tension between the pursuit of modernity and historical tradition.