作为政治学研究范式的历史唯物主义与历史制度主义——以斯考切波《国家与社会革命》为考察中心

Historical Materialism and Historical Institutionalism as Political Science Research Paradigms——Taking States and Social Revolutions by Skocpol as the Core of Investigation

历史唯物主义与历史制度主义作为两种独立的政治学研究范式,实则存在着较为密切的关系,通过考察斯考切波的著作《国家与社会革命》,可以发现这两种研究范式的联系与区别。历史唯物主义和历史制度主义的对比凸显了国家理论、阶级分析法和比较历史分析法的学术价值。历史制度主义采用结构性的视角、多变量因果分析推进了革命研究。历史制度主义在继承历史唯物主义国家理论的基础上,提出了“组织现实主义”和“国家中心主义”等新观点,推动了国家自主性问题的研究。在动态维度,历史制度主义提出的路径依赖、比较历史分析方法有助于推进历史演变规律的总结;在价值维度,历史唯物主义和历史制度主义都强调对制度变迁、革命爆发原因的阐述离不开观念。由此,中国政治学应当启发于历史制度主义对历史唯物主义的承袭和发展,站稳马克思主义政治学的立场,将研究着眼于以中国国家建构的实践、路径、特点为基本内容的本土国家建构理论,推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。

At the level of political science research paradigms,there is a close relationship between historical materialism and historical institutionalism.The connection and differences between the two can be found inS tates and Social Revolutionsby Skocpol.The contrast between historical materialism and historical institutionalism highlights the academic value of state theory,class analysis,and comparative-historical analysis.Historical institutionalism advances the study of revolution with structural perspective,multivariate causality analysis.Historical institutionalism inherits the state theory from historical materialism and promotes the study of state autonomy by introducing new viewpoints such as “organizational realism” and “state-centrism”.From a dynamic perspective,the path dependence and comparative-historical analysis proposed by historical institutionalism are helpful to promote the summary of the laws of historical evolution.From the perspective of value,both historical materialism and historical institutionalism emphasize that idea factors cannot be ignored when explaining the reasons for institutional changes and the outbreak of revolutions.Thus,Chinese political science should be inspired by historical institutionalism's inheritance and development of historical materialism,stand firmly on the position of Marxist political science,focus its research on the development of a local state-building theory with the content of China' s state-building practices,paths and characteristics,and promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.