功能与规范视角下破产可撤销行为的类型化分析

Classification Analysis of Revocable Behavior in Bankruptcy in the View of Functions and Norms

破产可撤销行为的类型是破产撤销权规则的核心。《企业破产法》第31、32条对破产可撤销行为的规定过于简单,不仅遗漏了一些重要的行为类型,而且无法实现破产法与民法之间的规则衔接。从破产撤销权的基本功能出发可以确定破产可撤销行为的一般特征,尤其是“行为客观上损害了全体债权人利益”这一点足以体现破产撤销权与债权人撤销权之间的区别。按照通常的划分标准可以首先将破产可撤销行为区分为无偿行为、无正当原因的给付以及个别清偿,这三类行为具有各自的构成要件及具体情形,但只有在行为同时符合破产可撤销行为的一般特征后才可以被撤销。此外,将故意损害债权人的行为单列为一类破产可撤销行为可以起到规则衔接的作用。

The types of avoidable acts are an important component of bankruptcy avoidance rules.Articles 31 and 32 of the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law are too simplistic in their provisions on avoidable acts,not only omitting some important types of acts,but also failing to recognize the connection between the rules of bankruptcy law and civil law.From the basic function of the right of avoidance in bankruptcy,it is possible to determine the general characteristics of bankruptcy avoidable acts,in particular the point that“the act objectively harms the interests of all creditors”is sufficient to reflect the difference between the right of avoidance in bankruptcy and the right of creditors to avoid.According to the usual criteria,bankruptcy avoidable acts can be divided into gratuitous acts,payments without reasonable cause and individual settlements,which have their own constitutive elements and specific circumstances,but which can only be avoided if the acts also meet the general characteristics of avoidable acts.In addition,the inclusion of intentional acts detrimental to creditors as a separate category of avoidable acts may serve as an interface between the rules.