国家公园社区居民生计韧性测度及影响因素研究——以新冠疫情下的普达措国家公园为例

The Livelihood Resilience Measurement and its Influencing Factors of Community Residents in National Parks-Taking Patatson National Park under the COVID-19 Pandemic for Example

基于新冠疫情为突发公共卫生事件的典型案例,以普达措国家公园周边社区的调研数据,采用熵值法探讨居民疫情前后生计韧性时序变化规律;根据“压力-状态-响应”理论构建分析框架并选取生计韧性的影响因素,通过多元逐步回归分析,探寻居民生计恢复路径。结果表明:相较于疫情前的2019年,2022年居民生计韧性降低了1.94%;各类型居民生计韧性水平呈现差异:扩张型(0.2264)>更替型(0.2029)>升级型(0.1950)>维持型(0.1641);疫情常态化防控时期,居民健康状况、工作机会与稳定性是影响全体居民生计韧性的关键因素;各生计适应类型居民关键影响因素不同。政府部门可通过拓宽居民替代生计选择、完善社区基层治理机制、加强医疗卫生体系建设、精准帮扶不同类型居民等手段助力国家公园社区的可持续发展。

⑴Background——Ecotourism is one of the important ways to improve the livelihood of community residents in national parks.Patatson National Park is a representative eco-tourism scenic spot in China.In the post-pandemic era,concerns about unpredictable livelihood risks remain among the community residents in Patatson National Park.The key to the sustainable development of the communities in Patatson National Park is to help the residents effectively cope with livelihood risks,recover and even improve their livelihoods.⑵Methods——The research data was derived from the questionnaire survey of community residents in Patatson National Park in July 2023(a total of 206 valid questionnaires were obtained)and semi-structured interviews with the managers and key residents in Patatson National Park.On the basis of theoretical analysis,this paper constructed an evaluation index system for the livelihood resilience of community residents in Patatson National Park,and used the entropy method to explore the temporal changes of the livelihood resilience of community residents in Patatson National Park before and after the COVID-19 outbreak.Based on the“pressure-state-response”(PSR)theory,an analytical framework was constructed and the influencing factors of livelihood resilience were selected,and multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to explore the livelihood recovery paths of community residents in Patatson National Park.⑶Results——First,the livelihood resilience of residents in Patatson National Park in 2022 decreased by 1.94%.The community residents had a strong sense of learning and self-protection,but their buffering ability and self-organization ability were poor.Second,the livelihood resilience of community residents with different livelihood adaptation types showed significant differences:expansion type(0.2264)>replacement type(0.2029)>upgrading type(0.1950)>maintenance type(0.1641).Third,a stable source of income,rich household assets,and the health of family members all contributed to improve the livelihood resilience of community residents.Fourth,the health status and job opportunities of the family labor force were the most critical factors affecting the livelihood resilience of the maintenance-type families.The diversification and richness of the livelihood structure could help the replacement-type and expansion-type families to improve their self-transformation ability and maintain the stability of the family livelihood structure.⑷Conclusions and Discussions——Based on the above research conclusions,the following policy suggestions are put forward:First,expand the residents’alternative livelihood choices and steadily promote the residents’employment through reemployment.Government departments should explore new business forms such as rural tourism and rural e-commerce and the national parks should explore new,effective and integrated franchise schemes.Second,improve the community-level governance mechanism and build a strong sense of community solidarity and mutual assistance.Enhance the management ability of village cadres and the residents’self-learning ability,and improve the infrastructure of the community.Third,strengthen the construction of the medical and health system to ensure the health of community residents.The organizations at all levels should establish emergency handling measures,supervise the implementation of the social security system.Fourth,accurately help different types of residents and reasonably formulate livelihood recovery strategies.Focus on the livelihood of the sick and disabled families,provide employment guidance for the maintenance-type and upgrading-type families,and increase policy support to encourage employment and entrepreneurship of the replacement-type and expansion-type families.