结社营生到艺道广传:近代江南书画社团的转向

From Livelihood to Artistry:The Transformation of Modern Jiangnan Calligraphy and Painting Societies

书画结社活动的兴盛与美术教育推广的迅速是近代江南画坛发展的重要特征。明末清初之际,早期书画社团的出现为江南书画结社的发展奠定了基础。鸦片战争之后,书画结社目的由单纯的结交切磋向追求利益、提升鬻艺效率转变,造就了以任熊、吴昌硕为代表的诸多职业书画家个人艺术的成功。辛亥鼎革之后美术教育成为社会普遍关注的文化要务,许多江南地区的书画社团改变组织模式,进一步加强了美术思想的推广和实践,有力地促进了美术事业的新发展。

The prosperity of calligraphy and painting associations and the rapid promotion of art education are important characteristics of the development of Jiangnan(regions south of Yangtze River)art circles in modern times.At the turn of the Ming and Qing dynasties,the emergence of the first calligraphy and painting societies laid the foundation for the development of calligraphy and painting associations in the Jiangnan area.After the Opium Wars,the main function of calligraphy and painting associations shifted from exchanges,social networking,and technical skill improvement to the pursuit of financial gains and heightened efficiency of the art market,thus leading to the financial success of many professional calligraphers and painters,such as Ren Xiong and Wu Changshuo.After the Revolution of 1911,art education became a widely discussed issue throughout Chinese society.Many calligraphy and painting societies in the Jiangnan area changed their organizational models,further strengthening the promotion and practice of artistic ideas,and effectively promoting the new development of the art industry.