地球系统科学视角下美国湿地保护修复的经验及启示--以大沼泽地综合修复计划为例

Experience and implications of wetland conservation and restoration in theUnited States from the perspective of earth system science:Take the comprehensive Everglades restoration plan as an example

湿地作为地球上初级生产力最高、生物多样性最丰富的生态系统,受到人类活动、气候变化等多种因素影响,正在遭遇全球性的退化危机。近几十年来,美国在地球系统科学指导下建立了全面的湿地保护法律体系、科学的生态系统修复理念、多部门分工协作机制,形成了一套较完善的湿地保护修复模式,值得中国学习和借鉴。以美国大沼泽地综合修复计划为例,对其生态修复工作模式进行了综述,通过系统对比研究,发现中国湿地保护修复工作存在管理机制待完善、理念科学性不足、调查监测体系待加强等。建议设立国家湿地生态修复大科学计划,聚焦湿地生态系统中的土壤、水文条件等关键问题,建设全国湿地监测网络,建立综合调查、实时监测、及时预警、动态调整的湿地生态修复工作模式。

As an ecosystem with the highest primary productivity and the richest biodiversity on Earth,wetlands are facing a globaldegradation crisis due to the impact of human activities,climate change and other factors.In recent decades,the United States hasestablished a comprehensive legal system of wetland protection,a scientific concept of ecosystem restoration,and a multi-sectoraldivision of cooperation mechanism,forming a relatively complete wetland protection and restoration model under the guidance of earthsystem science,which is worth learning and referring for China.Taking the comprehensive restoration plan of Everglades as anexample,the working mode of wetland restoration is summarized.Through systematic comparative study,it is found that there aresome problems in the restoration of wetlands in China,such as the management mechanism to be improved,the scientific concept to beinsufficient,and the investigation and detection system to be strengthened.It is suggested to set up a national scientific plan for wetlandecological restoration,to focus on key issues such as soil and hydrological conditions in wetland ecosystems,to build a nationalwetland monitoring network,and to establish a wetland ecological restoration model featuring comprehensive investigation,real-timemonitoring,timely warning and dynamic adjustment.