论马克思空间辩证法的四重向度

On the Four Dimensions of Marx’s Spatial Dialectics

马克思开启了独特的空间辩证法的视野,这一空间辩证法主要关涉四重向度:一是“在场”与“缺场”的空间辩证法,其基本指向是人的对象化活动,人的对象化活动既是在物的世界中人从“缺场”走向“在场”的过程,亦是在人的世界中物从“缺场”走向“在场”的过程。在资本主义条件下,“在场”与“缺场”的空间辩证法现实地体现为物的世界的“强势在场”与人的世界的“空前缺场”。二是“同一”与“差异”的空间辩证法,其基本指向是历史空间的总体性与多样性,马克思的历史哲学阐释了现实历史运动的总体的结构性特征,同时,马克思视野中的历史不是无空间差异的均质的线性历史。在资本主义条件下,“同一”与“差异”的空间辩证法具体体现为空间生产的普遍物化与差异化的空间生产的式微。三是“部分”与“整体”的空间辩证法,具体关涉三个维度:现代视野中的民族与世界、个人与社会、经济生活与作为整体的社会生活。四是“中心”与“边缘”的空间辩证法,它在不同的历史阶段中具有不同的形态,在资本主义条件下,“中心”与“边缘”的空间辩证法主要关涉资本宰制下空间生产的不平衡性,这种不平衡性的场域涉及全球空间、城市与乡村之间、城市内部。通过以上四重向度的探讨,马克思既呈现了空间辩证法的“一般”,即一般意义上空间的生产与社会历史过程的辩证关系,同时又呈现了空间辩证法的“特殊”,即资本主义条件下资本积累与空间生产的辩证关系。其中,后者是马克思关注的重点领域。

Marx opened up a unique vision of spatial dialectics,which consists of four main directions:first,the spatial dialectic of“presence”and“absence”,which basically points to man’s objectifying activity,which is not only the process of man moving from“absence”to“presence”in the world of things,but also the process of things moving from“absence”to“presence”in the world of man.It is also the process by which things move from“absence”to“presence”in the world of human beings.The spatial dialectic of“presence”and“absence”under capitalism is realistically embodied in the“strong presence”of the world of things and the“unprecedented presence”of the world of people.The second is the spatial dialectic of“sameness”and“difference”,the basic point of which is the to⁃tality and diversity of the historical space,and Marx’s philosophy of history explains both the totality and diversity of the real historical movement.Marx’s philosophy of history not only explains the over⁃all structural characteristics of the real historical movement,but at the same time,the history in Ma⁃rx’s vision is not a homogeneous linear history without spatial differences,and the spatial dialectic of“sameness”and“difference”under the conditions of capitalism is embodied in the universalization and differentiation of spatial production.The spatial dialectic of“same”and“difference”under the conditions of capitalism is embodied in the universalization of spatial production and the decline of dif⁃ferentiated spatial production;thirdly,it is the spatial dialectic of“part”and“whole”,which con⁃sists of three dimensions:the nation and the world,the individual and the society,and economic and social life as a whole in the modern perspective;fourthly,it is the spatial dialectic of“center”and“periphery”.The spatial dialectic of“center”and“periphery”,which takes different forms at differ⁃ent stages of history,and the spatial dialectic of“center”and“periphery”in the conditions of capi⁃talism,which takes different forms at different stages of history,and the spatial dialectic of“center”and“periphery”in the conditions of capitalism.The spatial dialectic of“center”and“periphery”un⁃der the conditions of capitalism is mainly concerned with the imbalance of spatial production under the domination of capital,and the threshold of this imbalance involves the global space,between the city and the countryside,and within the city.By exploring the above four directions,Marx presents both the“general”of spatial dialectics,that is the dialectical relationship between the production of space and the social-historical process in the general sense,and at the same time the“particular”of spatial dialectics,that is the dialectical relationship between capital accumulation and spatial production un⁃der the conditions of capitalism.At the same time,it presents the“special”dialectic of space,that is the dialectic between capital accumulation and spatial production under capitalist conditions,the latter being the focus of Marx’s attention.