Excitation of the abdominal ganglion affects the electrophysiological activity of indirect flight muscles of the honeybee Apis mellifera

Our understanding of the nervous tissues that affect the wing flapping of insects mainly focuses on the brain,but wing flapping is a rhythmic movement related to the central pattern generator in the ventral nerve cord.To verify whether the neural activity of the abdominal ganglion of the honeybee(Apis mellifera)affects the flapping-wing flight,we profiled the response characteristics of indirect flight muscles to abdominal ganglion excitation.Strikingly,a change in the neural activity of ganglion 3 or ganglion 4 has a stronger effect on the electrophysiological activity of indirect flight muscles than that of ganglion 5.The electrophysiological activity of vertical indirect flight muscles is affected more by the change in neural activity of the abdominal ganglion than that of lateral indirect flight muscles.Moreover,the change in neural activity of the abdominal ganglion mainly causes the change in the muscular activity of indirect wing muscles,but the activity patterns change relatively little and there is little change in the complicated details.This work improves our understanding of the neuroregulatory mechanisms associated with the flapping-wing flight of honeybees.